Chapter 4 & 5

Question 1

analysis of social life that focuses on (broad features of society), such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists

Answer 1

macrosociology,

Question 2

analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists

Answer 2

microsociology

Question 3

The sociological significance that guides our behavior.

Answer 3

social structure

Question 4

what people do when they come together.

Answer 4

social interaction

Question 5

Refer to a group’s language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and even gestures. Also includes the material objects

Answer 5

culture

Question 6

Major components of social structure are ?

Answer 6

1. culture
2. social class
3. social status
4. roles
5. groups
6. social institutions.

Question 7

It influences not only our behaviors but also our ideas and attitudes._________________

Answer 7

social class

Question 8

all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies

Answer 8

status set

Question 9

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

Answer 9

ascribed status

Question 9

positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual’s part

Answer 9

achieved statuses

Question 10

signs that identify a status

Answer 10

status symbols

Question 11

a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies

Answer 11

master status

Question 12

ranking high on some dimensions of social status and low on others

Answer 12

status inconsistency or discrepancy

Question 13

expectations that guide our behavior. When statuses mesh well we know what to expect of people.

Answer 13

built-in norms

Question 13

the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

Answer 13

role

Question 14

consists of people who interact with one another and who feel that the values, interests, and norms they have in common are important.

Answer 14

group

Question 15

the standard or usual ways that a society meets its basic needs

Answer 15

social institution

Question 16

point out that a fairly small group of people has garnered the lion’s share of our nation’s wealth. Members of this elite group sit on the boards of our major corporations and our most prestigious universities.

Answer 16

Conflict theorists

Question 17

(both women and men) have used conflict theory to gain a better understanding of how social institutions affect gender relations.

Answer 17

Feminist sociologists

Question 18

view social institutions as working together to meet universal human needs.

Answer 18

Functionalists

Question 19

being transformed and changing values, and contact with cultures around the world

Answer 19

new technology

Question 20

This sociologist was interested in how societies manage to create social integration

Answer 20

Emile Durkheim (1893/1933)

Question 21

the degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion

Answer 21

social integration

Question 22

Durkheim’s term for the unity (a shared consciousness) people who perform similar tasks develop a shared way of viewing life.

Answer 22

mechanical solidarity

Question 23

Societies with ________________ t**olerate little diversity in behavior, thinking, or attitudes**; their unity depends on sharing similar views.

Answer 23

mechanical solidarity

Question 24

As societies get larger, they develop **different kinds of work** called?

Answer 24

specialized division of labor

Question 25

Durkheim's term for the **interdependence** that results from the division of labor; as part of the same unit, we all **depend on others to fulfill their jobs**

Answer 25

organic solidarity

Question 26

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, are ideal types of social organizations that were systematically elaborated by German sociologist

Answer 26

Ferdinand Tönnies

Question 27

translated as ” **community** “, is a concept referring to individuals bound together by common norms, often because of shared physical space and shared beliefs.

Answer 27

Gemeinschaft,

Question 28

translated as ” **society** “, refers to associations in which self-interest is the primary justification for membership

Answer 28

Gesellschaft

Question 29

focus on how people **establish meaning and how they communicate their ideas.**

Answer 29

Symbolic interactionists

Question 30

This psychologist, wondered whether stereotypes—our assumptions of what people are like—might be **self-fulfilling.**

Answer 30

Mark Snyder (1993)

Question 31

**assumptions** of what people are like, whether true or false

Answer 31

stereotype

Question 32

We all surround ourselves with a _________________ and we go to great lengths to protect it. We open the _____________ to intimates—to our friends, children, and parents—but we're careful to keep most people out of this space.

Answer 32

"personal bubble"; personal space

Question 33

**Edward Hall** analyzed situations like this, he observed that **North Americans use four different "distance zones."**

Answer 33

1. Intimate distance. 2. Personal distance. 3. Social distance. 4. Public distance.

Question 34

The ways people **use their bodies to give messages to others.**

Answer 34

body language

Question 35

Sociologist **Erving Goffman** (1922-1982) added a new **twist to microsociology when he recast the theatrical term** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**into a sociological term** meaning? ## Footnote **what does this term mean?**

Answer 35

- dramaturgy - that social life is like a drama or a stage play

Question 36

What Goffman called our **efforts to manage the impressions** that others receive of us

Answer 36

impression management

Question 37

places where people give performances

Answer 37

front stages

Question 38

places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances

Answer 38

back stages

Question 39

The particular interpretation that you give a **role,** your "style," is known as ?

Answer 39

role performance

Question 40

expectations of us in one status are incompatible with what is expected of us in another status. called?

Answer 40

role conflict (conflict between roles)

Question 41

Sometimes the same status contains **incompatible** roles, a conflict known as

Answer 41

role strain (conflict **within** a role)

Question 42

what are the three types of **sign-vehicles** we use?

Answer 42

social setting appearance manner.

Question 43

**two or more people working together** to help a performance come off as planned.

Answer 43

teamwork

Question 44

If a performance doesn't come off quite right, the team might try to **save it by** using

Answer 44

face-saving behavior

Question 45

quit being a nun to become a sociologist.

Answer 45

Helen Ebaugh (1988)

Question 46

THE STUDY: of how people **use commonsense understandings to make sense of life.** whats is the founder/**sociologist's name?**

Answer 46

Ethno-methodology Harold Garfinkel

Question 47

Ethnomethodologists explores?

Answer 47

background assumptions

Question 48

"If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences," said sociologists __________________ in what has become known as the definition of the situation (also called the Thomas theorem)

Answer 48

W. I. and Dorothy S. Thomas (1928)

Question 49

**background assumptions and life experiences** to define what is real

Answer 49

the social construction of reality

Question 50

Our behavior depends on how we define

Answer 50

reality

Question 51

Experiment done by ____________ to show that we need macrosociology and microsociology

Answer 51

William Chambliss (1973)

Question 52

people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

Answer 52

Groups

Question 53

people who temporarily **share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together.**

Answer 53

aggregate

Question 54

people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together

Answer 54

category

Question 55

a small group characterized by cooperative, intimate, long-term, face-to-face relationships is called? who was it termed by?

Answer 55

primary group termed by Charles Cooley

Question 56

people who interact with one another and who b**elieve that what they have in common is significant;** also called a social group

Answer 56

group

Question 57

A larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

Answer 57

secondary group

Question 58

groups made up of people who v**oluntarily organize** on the basis of some mutual interest; also known as **voluntary** memberships and **voluntary** organizations

Answer 58

voluntary association

Question 59

The key members of a voluntary association. Often grow distant from the regular members. They become convinced that only they can be trusted to make the group's important decisions.

Answer 59

inner circle

Question 60

Robert Michels' term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite

Answer 60

iron law of oligarchy

Question 61

a group toward which one feels loyalty

Answer 61

in-group

Question 62

a group toward which one feels antagonism

Answer 62

out-group

Question 63

a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

Answer 63

reference group

Question 64

It is the smallest part of social networks, including people we hang out with. forms a core part of our reference groups.

Answer 64

friends and acquaintances

Question 65

the social ties radiating outward from the self that **link people together**

Answer 65

social network

Question 66

a **cluster of people within a larger group** who choose to interact with one another

Answer 66

clique

Question 67

**Three** major changes have undermined this general stability of the workplace

Answer 67

globalization, outsourcing, and subcontracting

Question 68

came up with a classic study called **“the small world phenomenon, and is a former student of Solomon Asch**

Answer 68

Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)

Question 69

decided to **replicate** Milgram’s study.

Answer 69

Judith Kleinfeld (2002)

Question 70

Weber analyzed a type of organization that has since become dominant in social life. To achieve more efficient results, _______________________ shift the emphasis from traditional relationships based on personal loyalties to the "bottom line.

Answer 70

bureaucracy

Question 71

As Weber (1913/1947) pointed out, bureaucracies have:

Answer 71

1. Separate levels, with assignments flowing downward and accountability flowing upward. 2. A division of labor. 3. Written rules. 4. Written communications and records. 5. Impersonality and replaceability.

Question 72

This term refers to the **standardization of everyday life,** a process that is transforming our lives.

Answer 72

McDonaldization of society

Question 73

after an organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continue it is now called

Answer 73

goal displacement

Question 74

workers being cut off from the finished product of their labor.

Answer 74

alienation

Question 75

ideas of what someone is like that lead to the person's behaving in ways that **match the stereotype**

Answer 75

self-fulfilling stereotypes

Question 76

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_found that such self-fulfilling stereotypes are part of a "hidden" corporate culture.

Answer 76

Kanter (1977, 1983)

Question 77

efforts to minimize conflict among p**eople of different backgrounds** and promote their cooperation in reaching mutual goals is called?

Answer 77

diversity training

Question 78

With cameras monitoring the workplace and taking video images of us as we walk on the street and shop in stores and with our smartphones and cars broadcasting our location, and with the National Security Agency's vast spy network crisscrossing the nation, we seem to be moving toward a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 78

maximum-security society

Question 79

the ways in which i**ndividuals affect groups** and the ways in which **groups influence individuals**

Answer 79

group dynamics

Question 80

a group **small enough** for everyone to interact directly with all the other people. Can be primary or secondary

Answer 80

small group

Question 81

1900s, sociologist ___________________ analyzed how group size affects people's behavior.

Answer 81

Georg Simmel (1858-1918)

Question 82

the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

Answer 82

dyad

Question 83

A ________________ is a group of three people

Answer 83

triad

Question 84

It is **less in triads**, but is inherently stronger and **give greater stability to a relationships**

Answer 84

interaction

Question 85

**two** group members aligning themselves **against one.**

Answer 85

coalitions

Question 86

As groups grow, they also tend to develop a more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. example, leaders emerge and more specialized roles come into play

Answer 86

formal structure

Question 87

individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a **task-oriented leader**

Answer 87

instrumental leader;

Question 88

someone who influences other people

Answer 88

Leaders

Question 89

an individual who **increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group**; also known as a socioemotional leader

Answer 89

Expressive leaders

Question 90

ways in which people **express their leadership**

Answer 90

leadership styles

Question 91

an individual who **leads by giving orders**

Answer 91

authoritarian leader

Question 92

an individual who leads by **trying to reach a consensus**

Answer 92

democratic leader

Question 93

an individual who leads by being **highly permissive**

Answer 93

laissez-faire leader

Question 94

carried out a classic **study** of leadership styles.

Answer 94

Ralph White (1958)

Question 95

Conducted conformity experiment.

Answer 95

Solomon Asch

Question 96

**a narrowing of thought by a group of people,** leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even **suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty**

Answer 96

groupthink