Chapter 1 -Theory and Research in Human Development

Question 1

Opened the first psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

Wrote ‘The principles of psychology’

Answer 2

Williams James

Question 3

Founder of the Psycho-dynamic approach/ study of unconsciousness

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Question 4

Founder of behaviorism

Answer 4

John Watson

Question 5

Major pioneer in behaviorism

Answer 5

B. F. Skinner

Question 6

Cofounders of Humanism

Answer 6

Carl Roger and Abraham Maslow

Question 7

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologist today agree with (1) but not (2)

Answer 7

Behaviorism

Question 8

Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

Answer 8

Humanistic psychology

Question 9

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity (including perception, thinking, memory, and language.)

Answer 9

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 10

The science of behavior and mental processes.

Answer 10

Psychology

Question 11

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weighs evidence, and assesses conclusions

Answer 11

Critical thinking

Question 12

An approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.

Answer 12

Biopsychosocial approach

Question 13

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and handed down from one generation to the next

Answer 13

Culture

Question 14

The age-old controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

Answer 14

Nature-nurture issue

Question 15

The principle that, at the same time, our mind processes information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Answer 15

Dual processing

Question 16

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Answer 16

Positive psychology

Question 17

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it

Answer 17

Hindsight bias

Question 18

An explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events

Answer 18

Theory

Question 19

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 19

Hypothesis

Question 20

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study

Answer 20

Operational definition

Question 21

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Answer 21

Replication

Question 22

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Answer 22

Case study

Question 23

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation

Answer 23

Naturalistic observation

Question 24

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reporting attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of that group

Answer 24

Survey

Question 25

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population.)

Answer 25

Population

Question 26

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Answer 26

Random sample

Question 27

A measure of the extent to which two events vary together, and thus of how well either one predicts the other

Answer 27

Correlation

Question 28

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors. The slope of the dots suggests the direction of the relationship between the two factors. How much the dots are scattered suggests the strength of the correlation

Answer 28

Scatterplot

Question 29

A method in which researchers vary one or more independent variables to see its effect(s) on the dependent variable

Answer 29

Experiment

Question 30

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

Answer 30

Random assignment

Question 31

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment

Answer 31

Experimental group

Question 32

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; the control group serves as a comparison with the experimental group for judging the effect of the treatment

Answer 32

Control group

Question 33

An inactive substance or condition that is sometimes given to those in a control group in place of the treatment given to the experimental group

Answer 33

Placebo

Question 34

A procedure in which participants and research staff are blind about who has received the treatment or a placebo

Answer 34

Double-blind procedure

Question 35

Results caused by expectations alone

Answer 35

Placebo effect

Question 36

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Answer 36

Independent variable

Question 37

In an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

Answer 37

Confounding variable

Question 38

In an experiment, the factor that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

Answer 38

Dependent variable

Question 39

Giving people enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate

Answer 39

Informed consent

Question 40

After an experiment ends, explaining to participants the study's purpose and any deceptions researcher used.

Answer 40

Debriefing

Question 41

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simple rereading, information. also sometimes called the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Answer 41

Testing effect

Question 42

A study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review

Answer 42

SQ3R

Question 43

Development is (1) lifelong (2) multidimensional and multi directional (3) highly plastic and (4) affected by multiple, interacting forces

Answer 43

Lifespan perspective

Question 44

A field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan

Answer 44

Developmental Science

Question 45

A fair set of research procedures agreed on by the scientific community, and findings must endure, or be replicated over time

Answer 45

Scientific Verification

Question 46

A process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Answer 46

Continuous Development

Question 47

A process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

Answer 47

Discontinuous Development

Question 48

Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

Answer 48

Contexts

Question 49

As open to change in response to influential experiences

Answer 49

Plasticity

Question 50

A perpetually ongoing process, extending from conception to death, that is molded by a complex network of biological, psychological and social influences

Answer 50

Lifespan as a dynamic system

Question 51

Affected by an intricate blend of biological, psychological and social forces

Answer 51

Multidimensional

Question 52

A joint expression of growth and decline

Answer 52

Multidirectional

Question 53

Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last

Answer 53

Age-graded influences

Question 54

The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

Answer 54

Resilience

Question 55

Explains why people born around the same time--called a cohort-- tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times

Answer 55

History-graded influences

Question 56

Events are are irregular. They happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable

Answer 56

Non-normative influences

Question 57

Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

Answer 57

Normative approach

Question 58

People move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others and to cope with anxiety

Answer 58

Psychoanalytic perspective

Question 59

Emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development

Answer 59

Psycho-sexual theory

Question 60

Erikson emphasized that in addition to meditating between ID impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society

Answer 60

Psycho-social theory

Question 61

The conscious, rational part of the personality which emerges in early infancy to redirect the ID's impulses into acceptable behaviors

Answer 61

Ego

Question 62

The largest portion of the mind, the source of basic biological needs and desires

Answer 62

ID

Question 63

The conscience. This develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society

Answer 63

Superego

Question 64

A social learning theory that emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development

Answer 64

Albert Bandura

Question 65

Consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behavior and increase desirable responses

Answer 65

Behavior modification

Question 66

In this cognitive-developmental theory, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

Answer 66

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory

Question 67

A perspective where the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows

Answer 67

Information processing perspective

Question 68

A field of study that brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns

Answer 68

Developmental cognitive neuroscience

Question 69

A field of study concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history

Answer 69

Ethology

Question 70

A time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.

Answer 70

Sensitive period

Question 71

A branch of study that seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age

Answer 71

Evolutionary developmental psychology

Question 72

A theory that focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation.

Answer 72

Sociocultural theory

Question 73

A theory that views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment

Answer 73

Ecological systems theory

Question 74

A prediction about behavior drawn from a theory

Answer 74

Hypothesis

Question 75

Researchers use a flexible conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view

Answer 75

Clinical interview

Question 76

This includes both tests and questionnaires in which each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way

Answer 76

Structured interviews

Question 77

A descriptive, qualitative technique that is directed toward understanding a culture of a distinct social group through participant observation

Answer 77

Ethnography

Question 78

Researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development

Answer 78

Correlational design

Question 79

A number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other

Answer 79

Correlation coefficient

Question 80

Participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older

Answer 80

Longitudinal design

Question 81

Groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time

Answer 81

Cross-sectional design

Question 82

Researchers conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies

Answer 82

Sequential designs

Question 83

Committees with the purpose to check and hold researchers to a code of ethical integrity

Answer 83

Institutional review boards (IRBs)