Chapter 1: What is health?

Question 1

Erik Erikson eight development phases divided into the following four points:

Answer 1

1. cognitive and intellectual functioning
    Language and communication skills
    The understanding of illness
    Healthcare and maintenance behaviour

Question 2

Piagets phases for cognitive development

Answer 2

From birth to 2 years: sensorimotor : the child understands the world through sensations and movement. It
has no symbolic thoughts yet. It moves from reflective to voluntary action.
 From 2 to 7 years old: pre-operational : the child develops symbolic thoughts and becomes egocentered = self-centered, the child sees things only from his own perspective
 From 7 to 11 years: concrete operational : abstract thoughts and logic develop enormously, the child can
perform mental operations and manipulate objects.
 From 12 years: formal operational : abstract thoughts and fantasy develop just like deductive reasoning. Not
everyone can reach this level.

Question 3

phenomenalism

Answer 3

disease is usually a signal or sound that the child sometimes and
associates with this disease. However, it does not yet understand cause-effect relationships. For most
children under the age of 7, for example, a cold is no more than coughing and sniveling

Question 4

epidemiology

Answer 4

The study of patterns of disease in various populations and the association with other factors

Question 5

Bowling and Lliffee (2006) describe five progressive models of succesful aging

Answer 5

1. Biomedical model: based on physical and psychiatric functioning.
2. Broader biomedical model: as above model but also includes social involvement and activity
3. Social functioning model: based on the nature and frequency of social functioning and networks.
4. Psychological resources model: based on personal characteristics of optimism and self-efficacy and a sense of
   purpose, coping and problem solving, and self-worth.
5. Lay model: based on the variables above plus socio-economic variables income and perceived social capital.

Question 6

Psychosomatic medicine:

Answer 6

Psychosomatic refers to the fact that mind and body are both involved in illness.
Today it is mainly concerned with combined psychological, social and biological / physiological explanations
of illness

Question 7

Behavioral medicine

Answer 7

This is an interdisciplinary field with behavioral science including psychology, sociology
and health education, in relation to medicine and medical conditions. Principles of classical and operant
conditioning play a role in this.

Question 8

 Medical psychology:

Answer 8

Medical psychologists use a holistic model (UK). In other parts of Europe, medical
psychologists are people who have completed a psychology course and a master’s degree in health
psychology. Medical psychology is therefore more about a profession than a discipline

Question 9

health psychology

Answer 9

Health Psychology adopts a biopsychosocial model for illness and health. Sometimes
they are also concerned with public health.