Chapter 10,11,12 Continue Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
The process in which nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials
A
Excitation
2
Q
Events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract
A
Excitation- contraction coupling
3
Q
step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten
A
Contraction
4
Q
When its work is done, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length
A
relaxation
5
Q
Arrival of nerve signal
opens voltage- gated calcium channels
A
step 1
6
Q
Acetylcholine (ACh) release
Calcium enters the cell thru gates, opened by voltage
A
Step 2
7
Q
Binding of ACh to receptor
two ACh molecules bind to each receptor protein, opening Na and K channels
A
Step 3
8
Q
Opening of ligand- regulated ion gates; creation of end- plate potential
Na enters; shifting RMP goes from -90 mV to + 75 mV then K exits (Action Potential) and RMP returns to -90 mV; quick voltage shift end of plate potential
A
Step 4
9
Q
Quick voltage shift
A
end- plate potential (EPP)
10
Q
Opening of voltage- regulated ion gates; creation of action potentials
Voltage change (EPP) in end- plate region opens nearby voltage- gated channels producing an action potential that spreads over muscle surface
Causing Action Potential after Action Potential
A
Step 5
11
Q
Action potentials propagated down T tubules
A
Step 6
12
Q
Calcium released from terminal cisternae
Ca gets diffused thru the muscles
A
Step 7
13
Q
Binding of calcium to troponin in thin filaments
A
Step 8
14
Q
Shifting of tropomyosin; exposure of active sites on actin
Troponin- tropomyosin complex changes shape and exposes active sites on actin
A
Step 9
15
Q
Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P; activation and cocking of myosin head
“Pull hammer on gun back” on myosin which is pulled back by ATP
A
Step 10
16
Q
Fermat ion of myosin -actin cross- bridge
Myosin comes back and attaches to Actin
A
Step 11
17
Q
head binds to actin active site forming a
A
myosin- actin cross- bridge
18
Q
Binding of new ATP; breaking of cross- bridge
A
Step 13
19
Q
Power stroke sliding of thin filament over thick filament
Myosin fires= ATP molecules
A
Step 12
20
Q
Cessation of nervous stimulation and ACh release
Relaxation; stop stimulation
A
Step 14
21
Q
ACh breakdown by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
A
Step 15
22
Q
Reabsorption of Calcium ions by sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
Step 16
23
Q
Loss of calcium ion from troponin
Give myosin one final ATP
A
Step 17
24
Q
Return of tropomyosin to position blocking active sites of actin
A
Step 18
25
the amount of tension generated by a muscle and the force of contraction depends on how stretched or contracted it was before it was stimulated
Length- tension relationship
26
a weak contraction results in thick filaments too clos to Z discs and cannot slide
Overly contracted
27
a weak contraction results little overlap of thin and thick does not allow for very many cross- bridges to form
Too stretched
28
produces greatest force when muscle contracts
Optimum resting length
29
central nervous system continually monitors and adjusts the length of the resting muscle , and maintains a state of partial contraction
muscle tone
30
cause sarcoplasmic reticulum to break down quickly and release calcium molecules begin to break down
hardening of muscle and stiffening of body beginning 3-4 hours after death
Rigor mortis
31
a chart of the timing and strength of muscle's contraction
Myogram
32
the response of a muscle to weak electrical stimulus seen in a frog gastrocnemius
Sciatic nerve preparation
33
what does a weak electrical stimulus do
causes no contraction
34
minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential in the muscle fiber and produce a contraction
threshold
35
a quick cycle of contraction when stimulus is at threshold or higher
1-18 steps (1 time )
twitch
36
2 ms delay between the onset of stimulus and the onset of twitch response ; internal tension
time required for excitation- contracting coupling, and tension of elastic components of the muscle
everything before contraction
Latent period
37
force generated during latent period and no shortening of the muscle occurs
getting slack out
Internal tension
38
phase in which filaments slide and the muscle shortens
once elastic components are taut, muscle begins to produce external tension in muscle that moves a load
short- lived phase
Contraction phase
39
parts of body are moving
| once elastic components are taut, muscle begin to
external tension
40
SR quickly reabsorbs Ca myosin releases the thin filaments, and tension declines
muscle returns to resting length
entire twitch lasts from 7- 100 ms
Relaxation phase
41
no contraction at all
| didn't get up to -55 mV
sub threshold stimulus
42
a twitch is produced
| twitches caused by increased voltage are no stronger than those at threshold
threshold intensity and above
43
Do muscle fibers act the same to every spike no matter if its -55 or over ?
Yes
44
stimuli arriving closer together produce stronger twitches
stimulus frequency
45
in sarcoplasm can vary the frequency
concentration of Ca
46
```
Stimulus frequency
Concentration of Ca
stretch
temperature
PH
State of hydration
all influence what
```
how much force our muscles have
47
how much ___ muscle was before it was stimulated
stretched
48
___ of the muscles - warmed- up muscle contracts more strongly; enzymes work more quickly
Temperature
49
Lower than normal __ of sarcoplasm weakens contraction- __
pH; fatigue
50
___ of muscle affects overlap pH thick and thin filaments
State of Hydration
51
Stimulating the nerve and higher and higher voltages produces
use more muscle with stronger voltage
stronger contraction
52
the process of bringing more motor units into play
Recruitment or multiple motor unit (MMU)
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each stimulus produces identical twitches and full recovery between twitches
up to 10 stimuli per second
Twitch
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10-20 stimuli per second (staircase)
stimulus recovers fully between twitches but each twitch develops more tension than the one before
contraction get stronger and stronger and sarcoplasmic reticulum doesn't have enough time to reabsorb Ca
Treppe
55
20 -40 stimulus per second
ca cant be reabsorbed fast enough and myosin and actin don't have enough time to relax
each new stimulus arrives before the previous twitch is over
higher tension
Incomplete tetanus
56
muscle relaxes only partially between stimuli
| produces a state of sustained fluttering contraction
Incomplete tetanus
57
40 -50 stimuli per second tasd muscle lock up
muscle had no time to relax between stimuli
rapid then flat lines
Complete tetanus
58
muscle is producing internal tension while an external resistance causes it to stay the same length or become longer
isometric muscle contraction
59
muscle changes in the with no change in tension
concentric contraction
eccentric contraction
Isotonic muscle contraction
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muscle shortens as it maintains tension
Concentric contraction
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muscle lengthens as it maintains tension
eccentric contraction
62
All muscles depend on what
ATP
63
___ supply depends on availability of : oxygen and organic energy sources such as glucose and fatty acids
ATP
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__ is where production of ATP occurs
Mitochondria
65
Two main pathways of ____ synthesis
| Anaerobic fermentation and Aerobic respiration
ATP
66
without oxygen
Enables cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen
yields little ATP and toxic lactic acid, major factor in muscle fatigue
ex. when running, hold breath
Anaerobic fermentation
67
With oxygen
produces far more ATP
Less toxic and produces
requires a continual supply of oxygen
Aerobic respiration
68
Oxygen need is briefly supplied by myoglobin for limited amount of aerobic respiration at onset- rapidly depleted
Muscle meet moser of ATP demand by borrowing phosphate groups from other molecules and transferring them to ADP
Short intense exercise (100m dash)
69
Two enzyme systems control these phosphate transfers
Myokinase
| Creatine kinase
70
Transfer P from one ADP to another converting the latter to ATP
Myokinase
71
Obtain P from phosphate storage molecule creatine phosphate (CP)
Fast acting system that helps maintain the ATP level while other ATP generating mechanisms are being activated
Creatine kinase
72
ATP and CP collectively
Provides nearly all energy used for short bursts of intense activity
1 min, 6 seconds of sprinting or fast swimming, important in activities requiring brief but max effort
Ex football baseball weightlifting
Phosphagen system
73
As the phosphagen system is exhausted muscles shift to what
Anaerobic fermentation
74
Not getting oxygen to the tissue
Muscle obtain glucose from blood and their own stores glycogen
I absence of oxygen glycolysis can generate a net gain of 2 ATP for every glucose molecule consumed
Converts glucose to Latin acid
Anerobic fermentation
| Short term energy
75
The pathway from glycogen to lactic acid
Glycogen lactic acid system
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Anerobic fermentation produces enough ATP for how many seconds of max activity
Short term energy
30 to 40 seconds
77
To split sugar to make ATP
Glycolysis
78
After 49 seconds so the respiratory and cardiovascular systems catch up and deliver oxygen to the muscles fast enough for aerobic respiration to meet most of the ATP demands
Long term energy
79
Aerobic respiration produce 36 ATP per glucose
Efficient means of meeting the ATP demand sod prolonged exercise
Ones rate of oxygen consumption rises from 3 to 4 minutes and levels off to a steady state in which aerobic ATP production keeps pace with demand
Little lactic acid accumulates under steady state condition
Long term energy
80
Progressive weakness and loss of contractility from prolonged use of the muscles
Repeated squeezing of rubber ball
Holding textbook out level to the floor
Muscle fatigue
81
ATP synthesis declines as glycogen is consumed
ATP shortage slows down the Na K pumps compromises their ability to maintain the resting membrane potential and excitability of the muscle fibers
Lactic acid lowers pH sacroplasm
Inhibited enzymes involved in contraction ATP synthesis and other aspects of muscle function
More acidic less likely to contract will fatigue
Fatigue is thought to result from
82
Aerobic activity the ability to maintain high intensity exercise for more than 4 to 5 mins
Determined in large part by ones maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)
Endurance
83
Taking oral creatine increase level of creatine phosphate in muscle tissue and increases speed of ATP regeneration
Carbohydrate loading
Beating fatigue
84
Dietary regimen
Packs extra glycogen into muscle cells
Extra glycogen is hydrophilic and add 2.7 g water per gram of glycogen
Athletes feel sense of heaviness
Carbohydrate loading
85
Abundane mitchondria, myoglobin , capillaries deep red color
Adapted aerobic respiration and fatigue resistance
Relative long twitch lasting about 100 ms
Soules of calf and postural muscles of the back
Walking
Aerobic
Slow oxidative( SO) slow twitch red type T fibers
86
Fibers are well adapted for quick responses but not for fatigue resistance
Rich in enzymes of phosphagen and glycogen lactic acid systems generate lactic acid causing fatigue
Poor in mitchondria myoglobin and blood capillaries which gives pale appearance
Extrinsic eye muscles gastrocnemius and biceps brachi
Anaerobic respiration
Fast glycolysis (FG) fast twitch white type 2 fibers
87
Ratio of different fiber types have genetic predisposition
| Muscles are a combination of both but may be more of one than the other
Born sprinter
88
Exists because of unequal electrolyte distribution between extracellular fluid and intercellular fluid
Results from combined effect of three factors
Ions diffuse down their concentration gradient through the membrane
Plasma membrane is selectively permeable and allows some ions to pass easier than others
Electrical attraction of cations and anions to each other
Resting membrane potential
89
Have the greatest influence of RMP
Plasma membrane is more permeable to K than any other ion
Leaks out until electrical charge of cytoplasmic anions attracts it back in and equilibriumvia reached and net diffusion of K stops
k is about 49 times as concentrated in the ICF as in the ECF
Potassium ion
90
Cannot escape due to size or charge( phosphates , sulfate a, small organic acids, proteins, ATP, and RNA )
Cytoplasmic anions
91
Point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell (intervates)
Synapse
92
When target cell is a muscle fiber (neuron and muscle cell)
Each terminal branch of the nerve fiber within the NMJ forms separate synapse with the muscle fiber
One nerve fiber stimulates the muscle fiber at several points within the NMJ
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
93
Swollen end of nerve fiber
Contains synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine (ACh)
Connects to muscle cell nuerotransmitter
Synaptic knob
94
Tiny gap between synaptic knob and muscle sacrolemma
Synaptic cleft
95
Envelopes and isolates all of the NMJ from surronding tissue fluids (insulation protect NMJ)
Schwann cell
96
Undergo Exocytosis releasing ACh into synaptic cleft
Synaptic vesicles
97
__ proteins incorporated into muscle cell plasma membrane
| Junction folds
50 million ACh receptors
98
Of sacrolemma beneath synaptic knob
Increase surface area holding ACh receptors
Lack of receptors leads to paralysis in disease myasthenia graves
Junctional folds
99
Thin layer of collagen and Glycoprotein separates Schwann cell and entire muscle cell from surrounding tissues
Contains acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that breaks down ACh after contraction causing relaxation
Connective tissue layer that surrounds everything
Basal lamina
100
Slightly more K leaves the cell than Na entering
| Drops the membrane voltage 1 or 2 mV more neg than the original RMP neg overshoot hyper polarization or after potential
K gates stay open longer than N gates
101
_ and _ switch places across the membrane during an action potential
Na and K
102
___ layers of the cytoplasm next to the cell membrane is affected
In reality very few ions are involved
Only a thin layer
103
Action potential is called __ because it happens fast
Spike
104
Out of 3 Na for every 2 K it brings in
Works continuously to compensate for Na and K leakage and requires great deal of ATP
70% of the energy requirement of the nervous system
Necessitates glucose and oxygen be supplied to nerve tissue
Pump contributes about -3 mV to the cells resting membrane potential of -70 mV
Na k pumps
105
__ concentrated outside of cell
Na
106
_ concentrated inside cell
K
107
__ is a rapid up and down shift in the membrane voltage
Depolarize the membrane
Threshold
Action potential
108
Critical voltage to which local potentials must rise to open the voltage regulated gates
-55 mV
Threshold
109
When threshold is reached neuron __ and produces and action potential
Fires
110
More and more Na channels open in the trigger zone in a positive feedback cycle creating a rapid rise in membrane voltage called
Spike
111
When rising membrane potential passes _ mV Na gates are inactivated
Begin closing when all closed the voltage peaks at + 35 mV
Membrane now positive on the inside and beg on the outside
Polarity reversed from RMP depolarization
0 mV
112
By the time the voltage gates peaks the slow ___ are fully open
K repelled by the positive intercellular fluid now exit the cell
Their outflow repolarizes the membrane shifts the voltage back to neg numbers retiring toward RMP
Slow K gates
