Chapter 7 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
The study of bone
A
osteology
2
Q
composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments
form strong, flexible framework of the body
A
skeletal system
3
Q
Forerunner of most bones
covers many joint surfaces of mature bone
A
Cartilage
4
Q
holds bones together at the joints (bone to bone)
A
Ligaments
5
Q
attach muscle to bone
A
Tendons
6
Q
Cartilage turns to what
A
Bone
7
Q
Holds up the body, supports muscles mandible and maxilla support teeth
A
Support
8
Q
brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
A
Protection
9
Q
limb movements, breathing , action of muscle on bone
A
Movement
10
Q
calcium and phosphate ions
calcium needs to stay closer to the same level
A
Electrolyte balance
11
Q
buffers blood against excessive pH changes
A
Acid- base balance
12
Q
red bone marrow is the chief producer of blood cells
A
Blood formation
13
Q
connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals
A
Bone ( osseous tissue)
14
Q
the hardening process of bones
A
Mineralization or calcification
15
Q
_____ consists of bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue
A
Individual bones
16
Q
Continually remodels itself and interacts physically with all of the other organ systems of the body
It shapes changes a little over time
A
Bones
17
Q
Permeated with nerves and blood vessels, which attests to its sensitivity and metabolic activity
A
Bones and osseous tissue
18
Q
Protect soft organs
curved but wide and thin
ex skull (occipital bone)
A
Flat bones
19
Q
Longer than wide (columnar look)
Rigid levers acted upon by muscles
ex. Radius
A
Long bones
20
Q
Equal in length and width (cube look)
Glide across one another I multiple directions
ex Carpels
A
Short bones
21
Q
Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories
ex Ethmoid bone
A
Irregular bone
22
Q
Outer shell of long bone
A
Compact (dense) bone
23
Q
Cylinder of compact bone to provide leverage
A
Diaphysis (shaft)
24
Q
Space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow
A
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
25
enlarged end of a long bone
| enlarged to strengthen joint and attach ligaments and tendons
Epiphysis
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covered by more durable compact bone
| skeleton 3/4 compact and 1/4 spongy by weight
Spongy (cancellous) bone
27
___ bone in ends of long bones, and middle of nearly all others
Spongy Bone
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layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface where one bone meets another; allows joint to move more freely and relatively friction free ( Range of Motion)
Articular cartilage
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minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate (reduction)
Nutrient foramina
30
external sheath that covers bone except where there is articular cartilage
outer fibrous layer : perforating fibers
Inner osteogeneic layer
Periosteum (around the bone)
31
of collegen
some outer fibers continuous with the tendons that attach muscle to bone
consist of perforating fiber
Outer Fibrous layer
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other out fibers that penetrate into the bone matrix
| strong attachment and continuity from muscle to tendon to bone
Perforating Fibers
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of bone - forming cells
| important to growth of bone and healing of fractures
inner osteogenic layer
34
making something
osteogenic
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thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity
has cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it
Endosteum
36
are of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis
enables growth in length
Epiphyseal line
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
37
in adults, a bony scar that marks where growth plate used to be
after stops growing
Epiphyseal line
38
continue to produce cartilage
ossify
39
sandwich- like construction
two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone
both surfaces of flat bone covered with periosteum
Dipole
General Features of a Flat Bone
40
spongy layer in the cranium
absorbs shock
marrow spaces lined with endosteum
the helment
Diploe
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is connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance
Bone
42
Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
Four principal types of bone cells
43
stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum, and in central canals
creators
Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor)
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FUNCTION: stem cells create new cells
| LOCATION : endosteum, periosteum, central canals
OSteogenic cells
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bone- forming cells
lines up as single layer of cells under endosteum and periosteum
nonmitosis (don't replicate)
Synthesize soft organic matter of matrix which then hardens by mineral deposition
stress and fratures stimulate osteogenic cells to multiply more rapidly and increase # of osteocytes to reinforce or rebuild bone (constantly working)
secrete osteocalcin
Osteoblasts
46
FUNCTION: build your bones
Location: endosteum and periosteum
Osteoblasts
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thought to be the structural protein of bone
stimulate insulin secretion of pancreas
Increases insulin sensitivity in adipocytes which in limit the growth of adipose tissue
Osteocalcin
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former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they have deposited
Lacunae, Canaliculi, cytoplasmic processes
Some reabsorb bone matrix they have deposited
Contribute to calcium and phosphate ions
When stressed,produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling
maintance
Osteocytes
49
FUNCTION: calcium and phosphate maintain trapped(bone) former osteoblasts become trapped
Contribute to homeostasis mechanism of bone density and calcium and phosphate ions
LOCATION: anywhere in bone
Osteocytes
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tiny cavities where osteocytes reside
Lacunae
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Little channels that connect lacunae
Canaliculi
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reach into cancliculi
Cytoplasmic processes
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_____ also stimulates insulin secretion of pancreas (regulates blood sugar)
Skeletal system
54
Bone- dissolving cells found on the bone surface
osteoclasts develop from same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells
Different origin from rest of bone cells (from immune cells come from blood)
usually large cells formed from fusion of several stem cells ( multiple cells fusioning together)
Wreaking Ball
osteoclasts
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FUNCTION: destroy cells on bone surface
LOCATION: bone surface
Osteoclasts
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side facing bone surface
several deep infoldings of the plasma membrane which increase surface area and resorption efficiency (break down bone faster)
Ruffled border
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pits on surface of bone where osteoclasts reside
Resorption bays (Howship lacunae)
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results from combined action of the bone- dissolving osteoclasts and the bone- depositing osteoblasts
Remodeling
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osteoblast osteoclast for calcium regulation
Constantly happening
60
taking the calcium back
Resorption
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by dry weight, about 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter
Matrix of osseous tissue
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synthesized by osteoblasts
| Collagen, carbohydrate- protein complexes, such as glycosaminoglycans, protecoglycans, and glycoproteiins
Organs matter
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```
85% hydroapatite (crystalized calcium phosphate salt) to make the hard bone structure
10% calcium carbonate
other minerals (fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium)
```
Inorganic matter
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combination of two basic structural materials, a ceramic and a polymer
bones combines the polymer, collagen, with the ceramic hydroxyapatite and other minerals
Bone is a composite
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rigid inorganic
ceramic
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organic
protein
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makes it flexible
polymer
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soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts (lack organic)
Rickets
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brittle bone disease- excessively brittle bones due to lack of protein, collagen
Osteogenesis imperfect
70
on bone surface (opening holes)
Nutrient foramina
71
transverse or diagonal canals
Perforating (Volkmann) canals
72
vertical canals
central canals
73
Ring
Lamella
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spindle fiber looks
canaliculi
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the whole circle
osteon
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dots on outside
Lacunae
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sponglike appearance
Spongy Bone
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silvers of bone(stick out)
spicules
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thin plates of bone
Trabeculae
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Spicules
trabeculae
spaces filled with red and yellow bone marrow
Spongy bone consist of
81
few osteons and no central canals
all osteocytes close to bone marrow
Provides strength with minimal weight
trabeculae develop along bones lines of stress
Spongy bone
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general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone and small spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone
where no osseous tissue is there
Bone marrow
83
In nearly every bone in a child
Hemopoietic tissue
IN adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur
Red marrow (myeloid tissue)
84
produces blood cells and is composed of multiple tissues in a delicate, but intricate arrangement that is an organ to itself
Hemopoietic tissue
85
found in adults
fatty reserve
most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow
no longer produces blood
Yellow marrow
86
1. Condense and blood
2. osteogenic then osteoblasts build bone osteocytes
3. Spongy bone canal blood vessels then bone
4. Surface bone
Intramembranous ossification
87
LOCATION: skull
mesenchyme to bone
inside out (compact comes last)
doesn't take long
Intramembranous Ossification
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1. Cartilage
2. Primary Ossification
3. ring bone grows in 2 directions
4. secondary marrow cavity
5. epiphyseal plate
6. closed epiphyseal plate
Endochondral ossification
89
LOCATION: everywhere else
mesenchyme to cartilage to bone
outside in
takes longer
Endochondral Ossification
90
Bones come from
| start with 3 bones
mesoderm
91
Cartilage limited to the articular cartilage (points of contact with other bones) covering each joint surface and to the epiphyseal plate
teens to early 20s
secondary marrow cavity
no longer grow in length
Endochondral Ossification
92
bones increase in width throughout life
deposition if new bone at the surface
osteoblasts on deep side of periosteum deposit osteoid tissue
become trapped as tissue calcifies
lay down matrix in layers parallel to surface
forms circumferential lamellae over surface
osteoclasts of endosteum enlarge marrow cavity
happens throughout life
osteoclasts eats away middle as it gets bigger
Appositional growth
93
occurs throughout life - 18% per year repairs microfractures, releases minerals into blood reshapes bones in response to use and disuse
Bone remodeling
94
A __ bone remains a metabolically active organ
disturbance of calcium homeostasis in skeleton disrupts function of other organ systems
especially nervous and muscular
mature
95
crystallization process in which calcium phosphate and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue
osteoblasts
Fibers become encrusted with minerals that harden the matrix
mineral deposition (mineralization)
96
produce collagen fibers that spiral the length of the osteon
Osteoblasts
97
Calcium and phosphate make what
| collagen the calcium and phosphate crystallize
hydroxyapatite
98
Calcium and phosphate ion concentration must reach a critical value called the______ ______ for crystal formation to occur
solubility product
99
Most tissues have ___ to prevent this so they do not become calcified
exsist other places in body (lungs)
so you don't get bone
inhibitors
100
Osteoblast ____ these inhibitors and allow salts to precipitate in the bone marrow
neutralize
101
may occur in lungs brain eyes muscles tendons or arteries
out of place bone building
calculus
Abnormal calcification (ectopic ossification)
102
osteoclasts make what acid
hydrochloric acid
103
calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as the lung
| ossified mass where there isn't supposed to be bone but there is )
Calculus
104
the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood
performed by osteoclasts at the ruffled border
hydrogen pumps
chlorine ions, hydrochloric acid, acid phosphate
Mineral resorption
105
in membrane secrete hydrogen into space between the osteoclast and bone surface
hydrogen pump
106
follow by electrical attraction
Chloride ions
107
dissolves bone minerals
Hydrochloric acid
108
digests the collagen
Acid phosphatase
109
____ and ___ are used for much more than bone structure
calcium and phosphate
110
__ is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phosolipids, and pH buffers
phosphate
111
is needed in neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis
Calcium
112
are deposited in the skeleton and withdrawn when they are needed for other purposes
minerals
113
structural
Calcium
114
About 1,100 grams ___ in adult body
99% in the skeleton
as easily exchangeable calcium ions and more stable hydroxyapatite reserve
18% of adult skeleton exchanged with blood each year
Calcium Homeostasis
115
has a wide variety of causes, blood calcium excess
vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, underactive parathyroid, pregnancy and lactation, accidental removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery
hypocalcemia
116
Depends on a balance between dietary intake, urinary and fecal losses, and exchanges between osseous tissue
Calcium homeostasis
117
Calcium homeostasis is regulated by what three hormones
Calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone
118
Skin, liver, kidney, vitamin D
Calctriol
119
A form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidney
Calcitriol
120
Is a hormone that increases calcium levels
Increases calcium absorption by small intestine
Increase calcium resorption from the skeleton (osteoclasts)
Promotes kidney reabsorption of calcium ions, so less lost in urine
Necessary for bone deposition- need adequate calcium and phosphate
Abnormal softness of bones in children(rickets) and in adults(osteomalacia) without adequate vitamin D
Calcitriol
121
Secreted by c cells of the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises to high
Lowers calcium levels by
Osteoclasts inhibition: reduces osteoclasts activity
Osteoblasts stimulation: increases the number and activity of osteoblasts
Calcitonin
122
Reduces osteoclasts activity as much as 70%
| Less calcium liberated from bones
Osteoclasts inhibition
123
Increases the number and activity of osteoblasts
| Deposits calcium into the skeleton
Osteoblasts stimulation
124
Important in children, weak effect in adults
Osteoclasts more active in children due to faster remodeling
Deficiency does not cause disease in adults
Reduces bone loss in women during pregnancy and lactation
Calcitonin
125
Secreted by the parathyroid glands adhere to the posterior surface of thyroid gland
released with low calcium blood level
Increases calcium levels by four mechanisms
Parathyroid hormone
126
1. Binds to receptors on osteoclasts
Stimulating them to secrete RANKL which radishes the osteoclasts population
2. Promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, less lost in urine
3. Promotes the final step of Calcitriol synthesis in the kidneys enhancing calcium raising effect of Calcitriol
4. Inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, inhibiting bone deposition
Parathyroid hormone
127
Who follows calcium in everything it does?
Phosphate
128
More life threading then high calcium levels
| Makes nervous system depress
Hypocalcemia
129
Has fewer causes and is rare
Excess vitamin D(Calcitriol), overactive parathyroid, kidney red orbs excess calcium, low calcitonin production(thyroid problems)
Makes nervous system over active
Hypercalcemia
130
Break caused by admiral trauma to a bone
| Ex falls, athletics, and military combat
Stress fracture
131
Break in a bone weakened by other disease
| Ex bone cancer or osteoporosis, usually caused by stress that would not break a healthy bone
Pathological fracture
132
How are fractures classified with structural characteristics
Direction of fracture line, break in skin, multiple piece
133
Straight but fractures
Nondisplaced
134
Fractured and not straight
Displaced
135
Fractured in pieces that are splintered
Comminuted
136
Fracture that is not broke all the way through the bone
Green stick
137
Fracture where one piece of the bone goes up into the other
Impacted fracture
