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PSYCH 241 SOCIAL PSYCH > Chapter 10-11 Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination > Flashcards

Chapter 10-11 Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination Flashcards

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1
Q

negative attitude toward in individual based solely on that person’s presumed membership in a particular group

A

Prejudice

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2
Q

Three characteristics of prejudice (why prejudice bad):

A
  1. Judging individual negatively without considering the content of their character (actual attributes and actions)
  2. Variability within categories
  3. Leads to violence

Think: content, variability, violence (CVV)

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3
Q

People who hold prejudices usually justify them with ______ .

A

stereotypes

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4
Q

overgeneralized beliefs about the traits and attributes of a particular group

A

stereotypes (not all are negative but stereotypes of out groups tend to be)

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5
Q

Negative behaviour toward an individual solely on the basis of membership in a particular group

A

discrimination

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6
Q

Negative behaviour toward an individual solely on the basis of membership in a particular group

A

discrimination

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7
Q

negative attitude towards group vs. negative behaviour towards group (2): _________ vs. _________

assumptions (1): __________

A

Prejudice
Discrimination
Stereotypes

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8
Q

prejudice + stereotypes = _______

A

discrimination

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9
Q

prejudice is the result of two basic human tendencies:

A
  1. Hostility when frustrated/threatened/witnessing things unjust
  2. Humans routinely categorize other people as members of social groups within milliseconds

Prejudice = hostile feelings + salient categories of people

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10
Q

outgroup members are _______ for us

A

salient

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11
Q

Negative feelings linked to an entire group of people

A

prejudice

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12
Q

frustrations people experience fuel negative feelings and actions toward outgroups (even without provoking behaviour by a member of said group)

A

displaced aggression

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13
Q

Idea that the initial negative feelings between groups are based on the real competition over scarce resources (jobs, land, water, etc)

A

realistic group conflict theory

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14
Q

people more likely to express prejudice towards out group when they view own group as cohesive

A

realistic group conflict theory

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15
Q

3 causes of prejudice:

A
  1. Hostile feelings linked to category
  2. in group bias (familiarity)
  3. Ethnocentrism, threat
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16
Q

Self-serving bias

A

if im great then my group must be great too - surely other groups aren’t as great as my group!

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17
Q

The theory that a large portion of our self-esteem is derived from our group memberships

A

social identity theory

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18
Q

liking for the in group usually stronger than disliking of outgroup

A

love prejudice

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19
Q

ingroup bias serves ___________ (3)

A

self-esteem needs

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20
Q

Scapegoating

A

Phenomenon where people who feel inferior, guilty, anxious or unsuccessful blame an outgroup for their troubles

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21
Q

Viewing the world through our own cultural value system and judging actions + people based on own cultural view of right/wrong

A

Ethnocentrism

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22
Q

The tendency to reject groups that don’t conform to one’s own view of the world - reject social policies that benefit the outgroup you think is threatening your ingroup

A

symbolic racism

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23
Q

White Replacement Theory

A

white people who fear that non-Whites will take over and replace white American values

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24
Q

Advocates for the White Replacement theory would be considered: (2-3)

A

(Contemporary symbolic racists)

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25
People who are symbolic racists don’t think they are prejudiced towards outgroups, rather their negative attitude is expressed through:
opposition to policies that are seen as advantageous to the marginalized/out group
26
People who reject social programs that rectify social inequalities are (2) _______
symbolic racists
27
Prejudice stemming from needing to sustain faith in the validity of one’s own cultural worldview so it can continue to offer psychological security in the face of personal vulnerability and mortality
Terror management theory
28
the idea that other cultures threaten one’s faith which develops prejudice against out groups stems from the idea of (3)
terror management theory
29
3 Roots of prejudice:
1. Hostility + categorization 2. Ingroup bias 3. Threats to worldview
30
People who are more prone to being prejudiced have a(n) ____________ personality
authoritarian personality
31
Traits of authoritarian personalities (4):
1. Uncritical acceptance of authority 2. Preference for well-defined power arrangements/hierarchy 3. Adherence to conventional values + moral codes 4. Black and white thinking Basically: accepting authority, liking hierarchy, conventional morals, black and white thinking
32
The idea that the social world is inherently dangerous and maintaining security requires upholding ORDER and TRADITION - predicts prejudice against groups seen as socially deviant or dangerous
right wing authoritarianism
33
Social dominance orientation, also known as as SDO is:
the belief that some people and groups are just better than others, so society should be structured hierarchically (some groups or individuals having higher socioeconomic status than others)
34
Social Dominance Orientation and Right Wing Authoritarianism both predict: which one predicts this more?
how likely a person is to be prone to being prejudiced (having an authoritarian personality) SDO
35
RWA vs. SDO
- social world is dangerous - to maintain security and cohesion, get rid of deviant or “dangerous” groups - maintain dominance of certain groups over others (some are just better; keep it that way idea)
36
Unfortunately, reports of the death of prejudice has been exaggerated - like don’t get me wrong it’s gotten better but not quite there yet
rip
37
unfair restrictions on the opportunities of certain groups of people by institutional policies, structural power relations, and formal laws is __________ (2)
institutional discrimination
38
Women are paid less than men but you knew that already wow
39
Ambivalent racism
people embrace one belief that leads to negativity towards a group AND another that leads to more favourable views of them AT THE SAME TIME (The idea that racism can be complicated and layered T__T)
40
ambivalent racism example
white people believing that people will be successful if they just work harder leads to a negative view of black people, but the belief that all people should have equal opportunities leads to a positive view of black people - these views coexist
41
Aversive racism
proposes that many white Americans have subtle, often early learned negative feelings about black people, but also support racial equality - eg: people high in aversive racism outwardly support fair treatment of black people but can discriminate against them when angry or when it won’t be as obvious - so that’s kinda fake…
42
Implicit prejudice
unconscious negative attitudes towards group of people
43
Physiological measures of bias (3):
1. electrodes for micro expressions 2. heart rate + vein & artery contraction 3. Pronounced amygdala response
44
Cognitive measures of implicit bias:
if you don’t like something you’ll associate it with bad things
45
Cognitive schema containing knowledge about and associations with a social group
stereotypes
46
Social learning
we learn from the people and media around us
47
Stereotypic portrayals of gender roles shape our (2)
gender schemas
48
Kernel of truth hypothesis
stereotypes may be based on actual facts, but this doesn’t necessarily say anything about the groups character
49
We infer stereotypes that describe who people are from the roles we see people play - we assume people are a certain way based on what we see
social role theory
50
2 dimensions of the stereotype content model:
Status - is the group perceived to have higher or lower status relative to other groups Cooperation - is the group cooperative and helpful or harmful/competitive
51
Warmth and competence are 2 dimensions of what model (2)?
stereotype content model
52
high on warmth but low on competence elicits the emotion of:
pity
53
high on warmth and high on competence elicits:
pride
54
low on warmth and low on competence elicits
disgust
55
low on warmth but high on competence elicits
envy and jealousy
56
Illusory correlation
when people think two things are related but they’re not; tendency to assume association between two rare occurences
57
For most people ________ members are distinctive to them, and to most people ___________ ___________ behaviours are more distinctive to them, so people tend to link these, creating a faulty perceptual bias or _________ _________.
out-group socially undesirable illusory correlation
58
Why we apply stereotypes (4):
1. Cognitive tools to simplify life 2. Justify prejudice and discrimination 3. Justify status quo 4. Self-esteem boosters Basically: simplify, justify (discrimination and hierarchy), self-esteem
59
The idea that people endorse and freely express stereotypes in part to justify their own negative emotions towards outgroup members
Justification suppression moel
60
Dehumanization
viewing outgroup members as less than human
61
Reducing people to animals who do not deserve moral consideration
dehumanization
62
Viewing people as human but jsut “less complex” humans who don’t have the same emotions like remorse, mourning, sympathy, hope, shame, etc. (well that’s fucked up)
infrahumanization
63
Thinking of people (most commonly women) as objects rather than full humans - only taking their physical appearance into consideration
Sexual objectification
64
Theory proposing that the cultural value placed on women’s appearance leads people to view women more as objects than as full human beings
objectification theory Cultural value LEADS to objectification
65
Dehumanization, infra-humanization, sexual objectification are all examples of ____________ used to justify prejudice and discrimination
stereotypes
66
Ambivalent stereotypes about high status and low status people help maintain the status quo by justifying the way things are
System justification theory
67
The pairing of hostile beliefs about women with benevolent but patronizing beliefs about them.
ambivalent sexism
68
Grouping and identifying people by gender, age, race etc.
categorization
69
Outgroup homogeneity effect
ASIANS, THEY’RE ALL THE SAME
70
Using stereotypes to perceive and make judgments
bias
71
Shooter bias
the tendency to assume black people are more violent
72
Ultimate attribution error
Tendency to believe that when an out group member does something negative it’s’ reflective of their internal traits but if an ingroup member does that same bad thing it was because of external factors - fundamental attribution error but for groups
73
Social identification used to reduce
uncertainty
74
Categoraizaiton can be problematic because
overestimate between group differences Underestimate within group differences
75
________ influence how we communicate, process, interpret
Stereotypes
76
Self-=fulfilling prophecies
stereotypes make us act toward outgroup members in ways that encourage the behaviour we expect

PSYCH 241 SOCIAL PSYCH (3 decks)

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