Chapter 4 - Thinking About Events And People

Question 1

Information that is currently activated and being encoded

Answer 1

Short term memory

Question 2

Information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated; consolidated information that can later be retrieved

Answer 2

Long term memory

Question 3

factors playing into process of retrieval (5)

Answer 3

1. Biases
2. Schemas
3. Motives
4. Goals
5. Emotions

Think BEMGS - biases, emotions, motivations, goals, and schemas all play into our process of RETRIEVAL

Question 4

We remember events better when they violate our usual scripts and _______.

Answer 4

schemas

Question 5

People are more likely to remember positive information when in a good mood, and more likely to remember negative information in a negative mood. This is called:

Answer 5

Mood-congruent memory

Question 6

Depressed people have issues recalling positive feelings or experiences from the past. This is likely due to:

Answer 6

mood-congruent memory

Question 7

A way of thinking that acknowledges and accepts inconsistency rather than distinct, stable concepts is called ______. This way of thinking comes from a ________ culture. (2)

Answer 7

1. dialecticism
2. Collectivistic

Question 8

A way of thinking that acknowledges and accepts inconsistency.

Answer 8

Dialecticism

Question 9

The process by which CUES (or hint words) given after an event can plant false information into memory.

Answer 9

Misinformation effect.

Think how when things are exaggerated by certain words, the memory of an event changes - eg: the car hit the other car -> normal accident; the car smashed into the other car -> think of severe collision

Question 10

The way simple changes in wording can rewrite the memory of our event, making it more or less extreme.

Answer 10

Misinformation effect

Question 11

The misinformation effect can lead to the formation of (2):

Answer 11

False memories

Question 12

We assume that the information that comes to mind first, or the “obvious” answer is correct. This is called the:

Answer 12

Availability heuristic

Question 13

We can be more scared of less common but more publicized accidents and less scared of common, less publicized accidents because of the:

Answer 13

Availability heuristic

• we assume the information readily available to us must be true
• For example, you have more anxiety around being the victim of a public acid attack (rare, more publicized) than you do of getting in a car crash (more common, less publicized)

Question 14

When people judge how FREQUENTLY an event occurs based on how readily they can retrieve a certain number of instances from memory.

Answer 14

Ease of retrieval effect

Example: the assertiveness study - people who were asked to retrieve 6 instances of them being assertive saw themselves as more assertive than people who were asked to think up 12 instances

Question 15

When people are exposed to vaccine misinformation through social media, they become less likely to get vaccinated. This is called _________.

Answer 15

Vaccine hesitancy

Question 16

Participants asked to recall 3 behaviours that increases the risk of heart disease perceived themselves to be more susceptible to having a heart attack than participants asked to recall 8 behaviours. This is due to the _____________ effect.

Answer 16

ease of retrieval effect (illness example)

Question 17

_________ (person) argued that to understand why people behave the way they do, we need to look at how they come to comprehend the people around them.

Answer 17

Heider

Question 18

Heider developed what type of psychology? (And the definition of it)

Answer 18

Common sense psychology - the way in which ordinary people think about events or people in their lives

Question 19

How people tend to explain events in terms of particular causes, effects, and intentions.

Or Explanations of an individual’s behaviour

Answer 19

Causal attributions

Question 20

2 dimensions that affect causal attributions:

Answer 20

1. Locus of causality
2. Stability

Question 21

2 aspects of locus of causality:

Answer 21

1. Internal
2. External

Question 22

I am crying with my family in public.

Using the locus of causality you could attribute my behaviour to different causal attributions:

1. I am just an emotional person with regulation issues. This would be an example of an _________ locus.
2. I had a bad day/something bad happened to me/my family is being rude. This would be an example of an _________ locus.

Answer 22

1. Internal locus
2. External locus

Question 23

Stable factor

Answer 23

an unchangeable factor

Question 24

Changeable factor

Answer 24

Unstable factor

Question 25

Me failing my Econ test because my mom fought with me before it, causing me to have a panic attack, is an example of ___________ factors (2).

Answer 25

External unstable

Question 26

Me barely passing my stat 151 final due to a lack of effort would be due to _______ factors (2).

Answer 26

Internal unstable factors

Question 27

Me barely passing my stat 151 final due to a lack of effort would be due to _______ factors (2).

Question 28

Someone being 100% tone deaf is due to _________ factors (2)

Answer 28

internal stable

Question 29

Someone being 100% tone deaf is due to _________ factors (2)

Answer 29

internal stable

Question 30

A prof gives unreasonably hard tests to his students. All of his students are doing badly because of __________ factors (2).

Answer 30

external stable

Question 31

Factor in your control/malleable

Answer 31

unstable

Question 32

Factor out of your control

Answer 32

Stable

Question 33

Fixed mindset

Answer 33

Stable traits; can’t control or change certain attributes

Question 34

Incremental mindset

Answer 34

Our attributes are malleable - GROWTH mindset kind of

Question 35

Parent’s mindsets about failure influence the mindset their children have on ___________ (1).

Answer 35

intelligence (how intelligence mindsets are developed in children) Failure as child’s ability -> child believes they’re stupid -> don’t do as well Failure as an opportunity to learn -> child believes they can try again/try harder -> child does better

Question 36

A theory we hold about the likely cause of that specific kind of event.

Answer 36

Causal schema

Question 37

Two primary sources causal schemas come from:

Answer 37

1. Personal experience 2. General culture

Question 38

Salience

Answer 38

most distinct/noticeable to the senses/brain - eg: a bright pink shirt in a sea of blue shirts; one woman in a discussion room full of men

Question 39

People are more likely to attribute behaviour to internal factors (eg: personality). This phenomenon is known as:

Answer 39

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 40

the tendency to attribute an actor (person) an attitude, desire, or trait that corresponds to the action.

Answer 40

Correspondent inference “Oh that lady is yelling at her kids, she must be a strict mom.” Yelling -> strict

Question 41

Correspondent inferences are most likely made under three conditions:

Answer 41

1. Individual seems to have a choice to partake in action 2. Individual has a choice between two course of action 3. Individual acts inconsistently with typical reaction - choice to do action - options - inconsistently COI

Question 42

When making correspondent inferences, we tend to lack consideration of ______ factors (1).

Answer 42

External

Question 43

we make internal attributions for other people’s behaviours; but we make external attributions (excuses) for our behaviours

Answer 43

actor-observer effect when observing others, we tend to look at them rather than their situation, but with ourselves we are perceiving things from the environment and reacting to those -> external factors typically more salient to us

Question 44

___________ cultures look more at the situational context of a situation, making them generally less susceptible to making the Fundamental Attribution Error.

Answer 44

Collectivistic

Question 45

Temporal sequence of attribution process:

Answer 45

1. Behaviour observed and labeled (salience) 2. Internal inference is made (correspondent inference) 3. External attributions edit the internal ones if they have time and energy

Question 46

1. Salience 2. Correspondent inference 3. Correction (taking external factors into account)

Answer 46

Attribution process

Question 47

Possible explanation for the cause of an event

Answer 47

causal hypothesis

Question 48

Possible explanation for the cause of an event

Answer 48

causal hypothesis

Question 49

Causal factor + outcome = causal hypothesis What is this principle called?

Answer 49

Covariation principle

Question 50

Three kinds/sources of of information for making causal attributions:

Answer 50

1. Consensus 2. Distinctiveness 3. Consistency

Question 51

1. Consensus - do other people agree with this 2. Distinctiveness - is this a rare or common occurrence 3. Consistency - is this information standing the test of time/fluctuation of mood

Answer 51

the 3 sources of information for coming to a causal attribution

Question 52

The tendency to reduce the importance of any potential cause of another person’s behaviour because other potential causes are salient.

Answer 52

discounting principle Eg: an Olympic athlete worked hard to get 1st place, but people are claiming they used steroids to get here

Question 53

mental shortcuts; don’t have to think

Answer 53

heuristics

Question 54

The way our attributions are biased by our views of the way the world works and our desire to maintain certain beliefs is similar to (2):

Answer 54

confirmation bias

Question 55

Believing that having thoughts about an event before it occurs can influence that event. Eg: jinxing

Answer 55

magical thinking lol

Question 56

Magical thinking is due to

Answer 56

coincidences, and children being taken care of at childhood Eg: child thinks about food -> cries -> food is brought to them -> woah “magic”

Question 57

upward counterfactual

Answer 57

“It could’ve been better; if only” -> makes you feel worse

Question 58

Benefits of upward counterfactuals

Answer 58

learning from failure; prepare us for the future -> you now know the better solution so don’t make the same mistake

Question 59

Downwards counterfactuals

Answer 59

“It could’ve been worse, so thank God it wasn’t” -> makes you feel better about the past

Question 60

Downwards counterfactuals

Answer 60

“It could’ve been worse, so thank God it wasn’t” -> makes you feel better about the past

Question 61

Benefits of downward counterfactuals

Answer 61

- makes you feel better about the past -> helps you not dwell on the past

Question 62

Silver medalists suffer from ________ counterfactuals while bronze medalists tend to be happier because of the ________ counterfactual

Answer 62

Upward - If only I practiced and performed a little better, I could’ve gotten gold Downward - At least I got a medal and made it onto the podium, it could’ve been worse

Question 63

The region of the brain that aids in recognizing faces.

Answer 63

fusiform face area

Question 64

the Fusiform face area is located in (which lobe)

Answer 64

the temporal lobe

Question 65

people with the inability to recognize faces suffer from a condition called _________, because they have experienced damage to the __________.

Answer 65

prosopagnosia (pro-so-pag-no-sia) Fusiform face area

Question 66

building an impression of someone from your preconceived notions of them

Answer 66

Top-bottom thinking

Question 67

The tendency to weight instances of negative behaviour more heavily than instances of positive behaviour

Answer 67

negativity bias

Question 68

Two reasons negativity bias occurs

Answer 68

1. adaptive tendency to be more sensitive to detecting negative things in the environment - caution + protection 2. when something goes outside the norm of good behaviour, bad behaviour challenges that schema and is more memorable

Question 69

A set of ideas about other peoples’ thoughts, desires, feelings, and intentions based on what we know about them and the situation they are in.

Answer 69

theory of mind

Question 70

having an idea about what another person is thinking or feeling based on their tone of voice, expression, or body language, etc. This is due to _________ (brain related)

Answer 70

theory of mind mirror neurons

Question 71

these types of neurons fire when someone does an action itself and someone observes another person performing that action

Answer 71

MIRROR neurons

Question 72

when artists make the same expression as their drawing as they draw, this is probably due to

Answer 72

mirror neurons

Question 73

when artists make the same expression as their drawing as they draw, this is probably due to

Answer 73

mirror neurons

Question 74

when we assume a person that resembles someone we know, whether it’d be in appearance, personality, or disposition, is like that person

Answer 74

transference

Question 75

a tendency to map on or transfer feelings for a person who is known onto someone one new who resembles that person in some way

Answer 75

transference

Question 76

Developing impression of a new person using the same schema one has for a familiar person who resembles the new person in some way

Answer 76

transference

Question 77

The general tendency to assume that other people share our own attitudes, opinions, and preferences

Answer 77

False consensus

Question 78

False consensus can be fortified by ______ (2).

Answer 78

confirmation bias

Question 79

Salient

Answer 79

cognitively stimulating

Question 80

false consensus stems from:

Answer 80

1. Cognitive accessibility 2. Validating for self worth 3. Birds of a feather flock together

Question 81

implicit personality theories

Answer 81

theories about which traits go together and why they do

Question 82

Henry Molaison

Answer 82

hippocampus removed - could only do short term but not long term memory

Question 83

process of memory flow

Answer 83

Encode sensory info -> short term memory -> long term

Question 84

Short term/working memory what part of brain

Answer 84

prefrontal cortex

Question 85

Long term memory brain area

Answer 85

hippocampus

Question 86

3 stage model of attribution

Answer 86

1. Identify behaviour 2. automatic dispositional inference 3. Effortful situational correction

Question 87

Norm adherence failure ________ attribution

Answer 87

internal attribution Labelled bad behaviour

Question 88

Thin slices

Answer 88

impression formation based on quick peeks at behaviour or physical attributes

Question 89

Physiognomy

Answer 89

the idea that body/face reflects personal characteristics PSEUDOSCIENCE!!!!!!!! recalls phrenology