Chapter 6 - The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth

Question 1

Day to day experience - specific things we believe, say, and do - this is self-consistency at the _______ level.

Answer 1

micro

Question 2

The idea that people don’t like inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour and they will try to bias their own attitudes and beliefs to deny inconsistencies.

Answer 2

Cognitive dissonance theory

• inconsistency in who i am bad.

Question 3

when two cognitions contradict or are inconsistent with each other one experiences something called ________ (2).

Answer 3

cognitive DISSONANCE

• eg: i am a peaceful person but i just punched someone in the face -> cognitive dissonance -> why did i do that wtf

Question 4

3 Ways to reduce dissonance

Answer 4

1. change one of the cognitions
2. add a third cognition that makes the first 2 cognitions more aligned
3. Disregard the importance of all the cognitions - trivialize - “welp it doesn’t even matter fr anyways”

Question 5

2 dissonance paradigms (laboratory situations):

Answer 5

1. Free choice paradigm
2. Induced compliance paradigm

Question 6

Lab situation where people make a choice between 2 options and after that the attraction to either option is assessed (3).

• the idea that the harder it is to make a choice, the more dissonance there will be after the choice was made -> the one i chose has some negative aspects but the one i rejected has some positive aspects :(((

Answer 6

Free choice paradigm

Question 7

Putting more emphasis on the good aspects of your chosen option and more emphasis on the negatives of your rejected option -> make yourself feel more secure about the choice.

(Related to the free choice paradigm)

Answer 7

spreading the alternatives

Question 8

High dissonance condition example for yourself in the free choice paradigm.

Low dissonance condition example for yourself in the free choice paradigm.

Answer 8

• would you rather have Chloe or Elisha die -> I’m not gonna think about this right now cause I know it would cause insane dissonance in my head to actually choose one and i would lose it
• do you want an apple or an orange right now

Question 9

Paying people $20 to tell people hour long boring tasks were fun -> less cognitive dissonance bc legit reward

Vs.

Paying people $1 to tell people hour long boring tasks were fun -> more cognitive dissonance bc $1 is not worth the hour of boredom

Lab exercise called (3):

Answer 9

induced compliance paradigm

Question 10

A laboratory situation in which participants are induced or motivated to engage in a behaviour that runs counter to their true attitudes.

Answer 10

induced compliance paradigm

Question 11

Factors that affect the magnitude of dissonance (4):

Answer 11

1. Weak external justification -> $20 strong external; $1 weak
2. Prescence of perceived choice
3. Commitment to action against beliefs
4. Foreseeable Aversive Consequences - this is gonna mess something up in the future why am I doing this - like when i said “do it for the plot” - so stupid, idiot

Question 12

Cultural influences on cognitive dissonance -> group of people who are more cognitive dissonance wise freaked out by PUBLIC displays of inconsistency

Answer 12

collectivistic

Question 13

Induced hypocrisy paradigm

expected to produce more _______ within the individuals (2).

Answer 13

make people feel bad about preaching and believing in something but being hypocrites to it themselves

cognitive dissonance

Question 14

inducing hypocrisy in myself:

Answer 14

it sucks that theres such a disparity between the rich and poor some people don’t even have water and yet people in North America use it so frivolously

And the environment bad for the environment

Me i use it too frivolously, i can’t stop taking long hot showers, bruh -> taking shorter showers idiot if you actually care about other people and the way we’re using 1.6 earths every year when we only have one

Question 15

I suffered for my country
What I suffered for was valuable
(2)

Answer 15

effort justification

Question 16

Phenomenon where people reduce cognitive dissonance by convincing themselves what they suffered for was valuable (2).

the reward seems better if you put more effort into trying to achieve it

Answer 16

effort justification

• me when i say studying is valuable. In fact i love studying. I love it. So fun.

Question 17

Frat houses put pledges or whatever they’re called through crazy or embarrassing or difficult initiations to build loyalty. This is due to _________ (2) .

Answer 17

effort justification

Question 18

Using a minimal level of external justification necessary to deter unwanted behaviour. -> minimal consequence makes it more likely to decrease desire to do something while severe consequence can make the thing seem more special

Answer 18

minimal deterrence

Question 19

Misattribution of arousal

Question 20

Self consistency at the macro level consists of

Answer 20

sustaining a sense of self as a unified whole - how we integrate the micro level self concepts into the macro one

Question 21

Having a clearly defined, internally consistent, temporally stable self-concept

Answer 21

self-concept clarity

Question 22

Someone who’s identity is molded by the world and whatever people say to her has

Answer 22

a low self-concept clarity

And honestly I think I’ve been changing that soo

Question 23

Self-verification

Answer 23

seeking out others and social situations that confirm the way they view themselves

• can be extremely good or extremely bad
• extremely good in the way that people with high self-clarity will find people who reinforce that high self-clarity (treat them how they think they deserve)
• but people with low self-clarity like people with identity issues will find people who reinforce that low self-clarity (treat them badly or whatever)

Question 24

The extent to which an individual’s self-concept consisted of many different aspects.

3 aspects:

Answer 24

self-complexity

1. Social roles
2. Relationships
3. Activities

Question 25

Self-narrative

Answer 25

- life story - draw my life - past, present, what those mean for the future

Question 26

Connecting past to present to future - figuring out the because and the WHY, helping us cope

Answer 26

self narratives

Question 27

that time Jen drew what she wanted to look like in a year; when people manifest what they want to be like (2)

Answer 27

possible selves

Question 28

The level of positive feeling you have about yourself, the extent to which you value yourself.

Answer 28

self-esteem

Question 29

self-esteem as a trait

Answer 29

consistent attitude towards yourself for your whole life

Question 30

self-esteem as a state

Answer 30

feeling about the self that can fluctuate based on circumstances, achievements, or setbacks - idk i like this definition better because it makes me feel like i can change and get better

Question 31

Stability of trait self esteem depends on (3 variables):

Answer 31

1. reflected appraisals/assessments 2. Social comparisons 3. Standards of value

Question 32

self-serving attributional bias goal of self-serving attributional bias

Answer 32

make external (situational) attributions for bad things people do but internal attributions for their good things maintain self esteem

Question 33

placing obstacles in the way of your success to protect your self-esteem from potential failure

Answer 33

self-handicapping “i didn’t even study and i still got an 85!” this is stupid i need to stop doing this

Question 34

Self-handicapping stems from uncertainty about one’s __________ (1).

Answer 34

competence - real i do this all the time and i feel incompetent

Question 35

How do i self handicap:

Answer 35

- procrastination - “i waited till the last minute to study and i still got an 80!” “I didn’t do so well on this test but at least i know it was because I didn’t put enough effort in; this doesn’t mean I’m stupid” - generating test anxiety - i was soooo anxious i couldnt even study on time so the fact that i did is great in itself - i have mental health issues so the fact that i actually made it this far in life is incredible when you take my extreme mental issues into consideration I need to stop doing this and causing stress in my life like literally what the hell did i spend a whole week on

Question 36

Better-than-average effect

Answer 36

people overestimate the frequency of their own good deeds

Question 37

Form of self esteem defence in which you view others as also having the negative characteristics you have

Answer 37

projection

Question 38

Compensating by striving very hard to improve in valuable domains of life -> you probably have an

Answer 38

inferiority complex

Question 39

when people feel threatened, they feel incomplete, and compensate by trying to acquire symbols that support their self-definition (5). (Theory of….)

Answer 39

theory of symbolic self-completion Eg: someone who feels like they don’t deserve to be in UofA starts wearing their UofA hoodie more often

Question 40

I suck at volleyball but at least I’m good at art. I am ugly but at least I’m good at cooking. I am practicing (2):

Answer 40

fluid compensation

Question 41

self-affirmation theory (tied to fluid compensation)

Answer 41

the idea that people respond less defensively to threats to one trait they have if they think about other valued traits they possess

Question 42

BIRG - Bask In Reflected Glory

Answer 42

Associating oneself with successful others to help bolster one’s own self esteem. If I belong with these people, then I probably assume most of the good traits these people have.

Question 43

The idea that people adjust their perceived similarity to other successful people to minimize threatening comparisons and maximize self-esteem supporting identifications. Who made this model.

Answer 43

self-evaluation maintenance model Abe Tesser Eg: As someone who does art i feel more threatened by people who also do art and less threatened by people who are good at something I know less about. Bc of this, more likely to be more amicable towards the person who’s good at something I don’t do.

Question 44

the better you are at something, the more likely you are to see your mistakes

Answer 44

self-evaluation maintenance

Question 45

the idea of using self esteem to manage the terror of death and life ending (terror management theory)

Answer 45

anxiety buffer - wanting to be me something beyond death

Question 46

the idea that self esteem allows people to face threats with less apprehension or doubt.

Answer 46

self esteem as an ANXIETY BUFFER

Question 47

The idea that a basic function of self-esteem is to indicate to the individual if the sociometer is full or not (have you been socially accepted and okay as of late)

Answer 47

Sociometer model

Question 48

Barkow’s Status maximizing perspective

Answer 48

self esteem feeds into desire to stand out and be better which feeds into self-esteem

Question 49

Leary and Baumeister’s sociometer model

Answer 49

self esteem functions as a measure of how well you’re doing with the people around you -> looking for acceptance and fitting in

Question 50

what region of the brain activates when you’re being excluded (think abt cyberball lol)

Answer 50

anterior cingulate cortex Dorsal ACC - area responsible for detecting when a situation isn’t meeting our goals - also activated when people experience physical pain

Question 51

relying on extrinsic sources of self esteem like appearance leads to more unstable self esteem Conversely:

Answer 51

relying on intrisnsic sources of self esteem, like personality, leads to more stable self esteem this is why im unstable i need to stop taht too fr

Question 52

this person is better than me

Answer 52

upward social comparison

Question 53

this person is worse than me

Answer 53

downward social comparison

Question 54

Damn no wonder i have BPD i have low self-esteem and unstable self-esteem.

Question 55

3 elements of self-compassion:

Answer 55

1. Being kind to yourself 2. Recognition that everyone fails or makes mistakes 3. mindfulness + acceptance

Question 56

using theatre as a metaphor to understand how people behave in everyday social situations - scripts, masks, script - if all the actors know the script well, socialization will flow smoothly

Answer 56

dramaturgical perspective

Question 57

Kids learn their scripts and roles (how to act in different situations) through ____________ (1).

Answer 57

socialization

Question 58

Well-practiced scripts following the implicit rules and norms of society

Answer 58

sincere performances

Question 59

Conscious attempts to perform in a specific way to make a particular impression

Answer 59

cynical performances (Can become sincere ones if practiced thoroughly enough)

Question 60

EXAMPLES of cynical performances

Answer 60

- job interviews - first dates

Question 61

Self-Presentational Strategies (4)

Answer 61

1. Honing an Image 2. Audience Segregation 3. Face (saving face) 4. Lying

Question 62

the differences in the amount of sensitivity towards keeping an image and how motivated people are in putting effort into strategic self-presentation

Answer 62

self-monitoring

Question 63

The belief that people are more focused on us than they actually are.

Answer 63

spotlight effect - yeah we’re observed more than we think but no one actually gives a shit about

Question 64

the idea that people are often better than they think at hiding internal feelings

Answer 64

illusion of transparency - when I was in piano people probably didn’t notice JUST how anxious I was, they usually thought I played fine

Question 65

Goals of maintaining Self-Presentation

Answer 65

1. Maintain desired self-image 2. Support the meaningfulness of social interactions 3. Self-improvement and personal growth

Question 66

what branch of psychology does the idea that people are naturally motivated to improve themselves towards SELF ACTUALIZATION come from?

Answer 66

humanistic psychology

Question 67

the idea that people function best when they feel that their actions are self-motivated rather than forced by external influences

Answer 67

self-determination theory

Question 68

the idea that people function best when they feel that their actions are self-motivated rather than forced by external influences

Answer 68

self-determination theory

Question 69

motivating yourself; self-determined motivation; action originating from own desires

Answer 69

intrinsic motivation

Question 70

Belief that actions are being controlled by external forces

Answer 70

extrinsic motivation

Question 71

what is the villain stopping us from reaching our full potential in self-determination theory??

Answer 71

the social world

Question 72

taking a date to a scary movie to get them to feel more alert and excited around you (get the heart rate up) is an example of inducing dissonance through _____________ (3).

Answer 72

misattribution of arousal

Question 73

the 3 basic needs necessary for feeling self-determined

Answer 73

1. Relatedness - being meaningfully connected with others 2. Autonomy - feeling that one has a choice 3. Competence - feeling effective in what one does

Question 74

people who view themselves as being in control of their actions and outcomes have an ___________ (3). Conversely:

Answer 74

- internal locus of control People who view their lives as being controlled by fate have an external locus of control.

Question 75

3 types of positive illusions about the self:

Answer 75

1. Self 2. Control 3. Optimism

Question 76

When people attribute their reason for doing something to a salient external incentive, while disregarding their own intrinsic motivation and enjoyment of the task.

Answer 76

overjustification effect - i enjoyed drawing less when i would draw for likes and followers than when i drew for myself - less stressful to draw for myself fr

Question 77

the feeling of being completely absorbed in an activity; full engagement, concentration, focus

Answer 77

flow getting in the flow

Question 78

Downplaying own ability to lower expectations or openly predicting failure

Answer 78

sandbagging

Question 79

when challenge is too high we get anxious but when it’s too low we get bored. The perfect balance between that is known as (1):

Answer 79

flow (This is why things are done in levels/progressive overload)

Question 80

When people face stressful situations thinking they have the resources to overcome it they feel _____________ which leads to growth. But when they feel like they do not have the resources, they feel _____________.

Answer 80

Challenged, threatened Example: - me feeling challenged by psych and Chinese -> did well - me feeling threatened by stats and 2nd Econ midterm -> so bad

Question 81

the tendency to distance past personal failures and make our past personal successes seem closer together than they actually are is a feature of (3):

Answer 81

past self comparison

Question 82

Being in a good mood lets you do better at things - think of example

Answer 82

- one group watched funny film - other group watched neutral - both asked to solve difficult problem after - the group that watched the funny film solved it more often than the neutral film group

Question 83

According to the humanistic self-determination theory, being challenged and having fun promote creativity and ______.

Answer 83

growth

Question 84

The state of being and acting fully in the current moment.

Answer 84

mindfulness

Question 85

Being attentive to the present moment/what you’re actively involved with

Answer 85

mindfulness

Question 86

the idea that good things will happen to the worthy and bad things will happen to the unworthy

Answer 86

just-world beliefs/theory

Question 87

ways to expand self (3):

Answer 87

1. Challenging 2. Fun 3. Novel Challenging, fun, novel

Question 88

how would a collectivist approach their terror management (regarding death)

Answer 88

finding self-esteem and self worth in their community and other people

Question 89

Why do employers often seek to increase cultural diversity in the workplace?

Answer 89

novel experiences expands creativity, knowledge, worldview

Question 90

Mortality salience hypothesis

Answer 90

Cultural worldview protects against death - death reminders should cause people to bolster worldviews OR self-esteem

Question 91

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Answer 91

GETTING REJECTEDD approach or don’t? - approaching a potential romantic interest, they give you a bad look, you back off

Question 92

Approach-approach

Answer 92

two good choices two events happening on the same day - either or

Question 93

avoidance-avoidance

Answer 93

looming test and studying for that both are kinda meh

Question 94

1. Stereotype threat 2. Mortality salience threat these are types of (2):

Answer 94

self-esteem threats

Question 95

__________ should protect against self-esteem threats (2)

Answer 95

self affirmation

Question 96

1. Terror Management Theory 2. Self-Affirmation Theory 3. Belonging 4. Control 5. Meaning These are all:

Answer 96

possible ultimate motives + HOW SELF ESTEEM MANAGES US - macro level

Question 97

ultimate motive

Answer 97

something that controls why we do anything in life - this is the why

Question 98

when we have an expectation about what a face looks like and the face is almost there but not quite completely human…

Answer 98

uncanny valley

Question 99

transmogrifying experimenter

Answer 99

2 different people - only 5% of people noticed