Chapter 10

Question 1

3 types of Muscles

Answer 1

• Skeletal - allows movement
• Cardiac - contracts heart
• Smooth - covers organs and passageways

Question 2

Skeletal muscle functions

Answer 2

• produces movement of skeleton as muscles pull tendons
• maintains posture
• support soft tissue
• maintain body temp
• guards entrances and exits

Question 3

Epimysium

Answer 3

• surrounds entire muscle

Question 4

Perimysium

Answer 4

• surrounds each compartment called fascicle
• contains bundle of muscle fiber (pepperoni)

Question 5

Endomysium

Answer 5

• surrounds individual muscle cells and interconnection adjacent muscle fibers
• between endomysium and muscle fibers

Question 6

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

• stores and transfers calcium ions

Question 7

tendon

Answer 7

• end of a muscle, collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together to form bundle called a tendon

Question 8

Each muscle has two attachment sites

Answer 8

• origin- point of attachment to muscle to bone NON- MOVEABLE
• insertion- point of attachment to muscle to bone MOVEABLE

Question 9

Skeletal muscle characteristics

Answer 9

• long
• embryonic stage- myoblasts form together to form single muscle fiber
• every nuclei in a muscle fiber represents a myoblast
• myoblast that do not fuse together differentiate into satellite cell

Question 10

14 test questions

Answer 10

Skeletal muscle is surrounded by epimysium, containg muscle fascicles which are surrounded by perimysium that contains muscle fibers, that are surrounded by endomysium with calcium that contains myofibrils and those are surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum consisting of sarcomeres which contain thin and thick filaments

Question 11

Sarcolemma

Answer 11

the cell membrane of the muscle fiber/cell that surrounds the sarcoplasm

Question 12

Sarcoplasm

Answer 12

• cytoplasm of muscle cell/fibers (unequal charge across membrane)
• contains large amount of stored glycogen and myoglobin

Question 13

Tendon

Answer 13

• connect muscle to bone

Question 14

transverse tubules

Answer 14

• t- tubules
• passageways that carry electrical impulses from the sarcolemma into cell sarcoplasm

Question 15

T- tubules surround what?

Answer 15

• myofibrils

Question 16

Microfibrils

Answer 16

• responsible for skeletal muscle fiber contraction

Question 17

Thin Filaments

Answer 17

• composed primarily of protein ACTIN
• composed of G-actin molecules, nebulin, in spiral pattern
• 3 tinged protein- Troponin holds Tropomyosin that cover Active sites
• every 7 pattern

Question 18

Thick Filament

Answer 18

• composed primarily of protein myosin
• M-line - body of myosin

Question 19

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Answer 19

• forms network around each myofibril
• muscles contract when stored calcium is released into cytosol

Question 20

Sarcomeres

Answer 20

• smallest functional unit of muscle fiber cellular proteins of sarcomeres
• 

Question 21

Titan

Answer 21

• proteins that stabilize thick and thin filaments

Question 22

H zone

Answer 22

• contain only thick filaments

Question 23

Zone of overlap

Answer 23

• where thick and thin filaments overlap

Question 24

Calcium

Answer 24

• responsible for every muscle contracting

Question 25

components of sarcomeres

Answer 25

- Z line marks ends of sarcomeres - Z line consists protein called actin - gives skeletal muscle striated look

Question 26

Big step 1

Answer 26

- generate electricity (send down neuron)

Question 27

Big step 2

Answer 27

- getting electricity to jump neuron to muscle fiber

Question 28

Big step 3

Answer 28

- electricity to travel down muscle fiber (length And depth)

Question 29

Big step 4

Answer 29

- getting muscle to contract

Question 30

when contraction occurs the following happens

Answer 30

- H zones and I bands get smaller - zones/areas overlap increases - z lines move closer together - width of A bands remain consistent

Question 31

Area where necessary and muscles meet

Answer 31

neuromuscular junction

Question 32

ACH

Answer 32

neurotransmitter

Question 33

fascicle

Answer 33

- largest structural unit

Question 34

Cross bridge

Answer 34

myosin grabs the actin when active site is exposed

Question 35

Contraction cycle

Answer 35

step 1- expose of active site step 2- formation of cross bridge step 3- pivoting step 4- detachment of across bridge step 5- reactivation if myosin

Question 36

Relaxed cycle

Answer 36

- ACH is broken down/destroyed by ACHE - action potential stops - SR reabsorbs the calcium - troponin and tropomysion return to normal - cross bridge broken - contraction ends and muscles relax

Question 37

3 ways muscle go back to original length

Answer 37

- gravity - contraction of opposite muscle - elastic nature of epimysium, endomysium, and perimysium

Question 38

The amount of tension depends on..?

Answer 38

- frequency of simulation - number of muscle fibers stimulated

Question 39

Motor unit

Answer 39

- all the muscle fibers are controlled by single motor neuron

Question 40

Size of motor unit

Answer 40

- how many fibers under control

Question 41

wave simulation

Answer 41

- summation until maximum tension

Question 42

Isotonic

Answer 42

- tension constant, there is movement

Question 43

Isometric

Answer 43

- when muscle length does not change and tension does not exceed the resistance

Question 44

Aerobic

Answer 44

- occurs in mitochondria - provides 95% energy - requires oxygen

Question 45

Anaerobic

Answer 45

- occurs in cytoplasm - does Not need oxygen - provides < 5% energy

Question 46

Myoglobin

Answer 46

Protein that transports and holds oxygen in muscle

Question 47

Hypertrophy

Answer 47

When muscles are used when they become larger

Question 48

Atrophy

Answer 48

When muscles are not used they become smaller

Question 49

Four muscle types based on faciles form

Answer 49

- Parallel muscles - Convergent muscles - Pennate muscles - Circular

Question 50

Parallel Muscles

Answer 50

- parallel to long axis of muscle - muscle contracts and becomes smaller and thicker