Chapter 10

Question 1

What is developmental Psychology?

Answer 1

the study of how behavior and mental processes change over the lifespan

Question 2

what is the post hoc fallacy?

Answer 2

the assumption that because an event happened before another event it must have caused that event

Question 3

what are bidirectional influences?

Answer 3

influences go both ways
- experiences shape development but development shapes experiences.

Question 4

what is cross-sectional design research?

Answer 4

research design where people of different ages at a single point in time are studied

Question 5

what are cohort effects?

Answer 5

effects observed in a sample of participants that results from indviduals in the sample growing up at the same time

Question 6

what is longitudinal research design?

Answer 6

research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time - as the ppl age - track them over time

Question 7

what are two developmental myths?

Answer 7

infant determinism
childhood fragility

Question 8

what is infant determinism?

Answer 8

the assumption that events that happen early in our lives have more impact than ones later

Question 9

what is childhood fragility?

Answer 9

children are delicate creatures that are easily damaged

Question 10

when do the most dramatic changes occur in development?

Answer 10

in prenatal devlopment

Question 11

what is the germinal stage?

Answer 11

the zygote divides over and over to form a blastocyst

Question 12

what is the embryonic stage?

Answer 12

mid-second week cells assume different functions
blastocyst becomes embryo
lasts until 8 weeks

Question 13

what is the fetal stage?

Answer 13

starts at 9th week
major organs develop
heart beats
begins to bulk up until birth

Question 14

what is the order of prenatal developmental stages?

Answer 14

germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage

Question 15

when does the brain begin to develop?

Answer 15

about 18 days

Question 16

what are taratogens?

Answer 16

substances that cause cognital disorders in a developing embryo
- smoking
FAS
alchohol
tabaco
drugs
medications

Question 17

what is one of the most prevalent taratogens?

Answer 17

cigarette smoking

Question 18

what are the two reflexes babies are born with?

Answer 18

sucking and rooting

Question 19

voluntary motor behaviour is learned from __ and _–

Answer 19

trial and error

Question 20

Kids have larger ___ than the adult body

Answer 20

head
and torso

Question 21

what stimulates growth in the brain?

Answer 21

pituitary gland

Question 22

what did piaget believe?

Answer 22

childrens understanding is different than adults.

Question 23

what is cognitive development?

Answer 23

how we acquire the ability to learn, think, communicate and remember over time

Question 24

piaget was a ______ theorist

Answer 24

stage - development marked by periods of change

Question 25

who suggested that children use two processes -assimilation and accommodation? and what are they?

Answer 25

piaget assimilation - absorbing new experience into current schemas accommodation - altering a schema to make it more compatible with the new experience.

Question 26

what are piagets 4 stages?

Answer 26

sensoriomotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

Question 27

what is the sensoriomoter stage? what age is it?

Answer 27

birth - 2 yrs focus on here and now cannot focus on anything beyond the present lack object prominence

Question 28

what stage is birth - 2yrs

Answer 28

sensorimotor

Question 29

what is object prominence?

Answer 29

the understanding that objects exist when they are out of sight

Question 30

what stage is ages 2-7

Answer 30

peroperational

Question 31

what happens in the preoperational stage?

Answer 31

age 2-7 can think into future use symbols experience egocentrism cannot preform mental operations cannot pass conservation tasks

Question 32

what is egocentrism

Answer 32

inability to see world from others point of view

Question 33

what are conservation tasks?

Answer 33

if something will stay the same after a physical transformation

Question 34

what is the concrete operations stage?

Answer 34

age 7-11 now can do mental operations now can do conservation tasks

Question 35

what stage is age 7-11?

Answer 35

concrete operational

Question 36

what is the formal operational stage?

Answer 36

-adolescence - sophisticated thinking

Question 37

Vygotsky

Answer 37

how social and cultural factors influence learning -scafolding

Question 38

what was vygotsky's concept of scaoflding?

Answer 38

parents provide support for children and remove it as children grow older

Question 39

what is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 39

the phase when children are receptive to learning a new skill but have not yet succeeded

Question 40

what is secure attachment?

Answer 40

upset by departure joyful with return

Question 41

insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 41

infant doesnt really reaact when come or go

Question 42

insecure anxious attachment

Answer 42

react to departure with panic mixed reaction with return

Question 43

disorganized attachment

Answer 43

inconsistent reactions

Question 44

what are the 4 parenting styles?

Answer 44

permissive - lenient and little discipline authoritarian - very strict authoritative - supportive but clear limits uninvolved - neglectful and ignoring

Question 45

Erikson's 8 stages

Answer 45

infancy toddlerhood early childhood middle childhood adolescence young adult adult aging

Question 46

what was eriksons theory

Answer 46

stages arise as individuals grow and face new challenges and turning points

Question 47

what were Kohlberg's stages?

Answer 47

preconventional conventional postconventional

Question 48

preconventional stage

Answer 48

punishment and rewards obey rules insentives

Question 49

conventional

Answer 49

laws small groups how others see you acceptance of social rules - doing good and moral

Question 50

postconventional

Answer 50

everyone as a whole from a societal perspective