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a&p test 3 > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

order of muscle composition

A

myofilaments- actin and myosin
myofibrils
fibers (muscle cell)
fascicle
muscle

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2
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle, outer layer

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3
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds fascicle, one muscle cell

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4
Q

muscle fascicle

A

collection of muscle cells

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5
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fiber/cell

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6
Q

sarcolemma

A

membrane of muscle fiber, contains T-tubules (infoldings of sarcolemma)

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7
Q

function of sarcolemma

A

conducts nerve signals (action potentials) into sarcoplasm and excites sarcoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of muscle fiber

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9
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth ER of muscle fiber
reservoir for Ca+
releases Ca+ when signal received

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10
Q

A bands

A

dArk. thick myosin, some actin

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11
Q

I band

A

lIght. thin actin filaments ONLY

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12
Q

Z line

A

in middle of I band. proteins for stabilization of actin

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13
Q

H zone

A

light region in center of myosin A band. ONLY myosin

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14
Q

what makes up a sarcomere?

A

half of I band, A band, half of I band

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15
Q

actin filament is made up of what?

A

3 proteins

actin- binding sites for myosin heads

tropomyosin- wraps around actin and covers myosin binding sites when muscle is at rest

troponin- has tropomyosin and Ca+ binding sites

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16
Q

what happens when Ca+ is released from SR?

A

induces conformational change in the troponin-tropomyosin complex. actin binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin, allowing actin binding sites to be exposed for myosin heads for contraction

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17
Q

when is ATP needed throughout the sliding filament theory?

A

exocytosis in neuron
calcium pump
na/k pump
detaching and attaching of myosin

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18
Q

what is used during anaerobic (high muscle activity) exercise?

A

not enough oxygen to muscles (without oxygen)., few mitochondria, few ATP.

glycogen stored in sarcoplasm –> glucose –> 2 pyruvic acid –> 2 lactic acid –> produces 2 ATP

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19
Q

when muscles are at anaerobic rest they use…?

A

creatine phosphate

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20
Q

how is creatine phosphate formed?

A

when excess ATP is floating around during rest, it donates a phosphate to creatine.

creatine phosphate + ADP—>creatine +ATP

produces only 1 ATP

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21
Q

how long can anaerobic activity last?

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A

8-12 seconds only

22
Q

what process is used during aerobic exercise?

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A

cellular respiration. enough oxygen gets to muscle cells. lots of myoglobin, lots of mitochondria

glucose + O2–> CO2 +H2O + 38 ATP + Heat

23
Q

what is the role of myoglobin?

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A

protein that helps supply O2 to working muscles. located in sarcoplasm

24
Q

what is the difference between when anaerobic vs aerobic process will be used?

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A

shorter vs longer periods of contraction

few ATP vs lots of ATP
few mitochondria vs lots of mitochondria

25
muscle fiber types and describe
slow- oxidative -aerobic, ATP cellular respiration, myoglobin, small diameter, longer contraction fast- glycolytic -anaerobic, rapid large force, rapidly fatigue, faster contraction, glycolysis ATP production, no mioglobin. most fibers
26
what is a motor unit?
1 motor neuron + ALL muscle cells that it innervates
27
smaller motor unit
1 neuron + few SPECIFIC muscle fibers. FINE MOTOR MOVEMENTS (fingers, eyes)
28
large motor unit
1 neuron + many NON-SPECIFIC muscle fibers GROSS MOTOR MOVEMENTS (muscle tone, posture)
29
what does recruitment mean
increasing number of motor units
30
what does hypertrophy mean
muscle cells enlarge by increasing # of myofibrils...THIS DOES NOT MEAN MORE MUSCLE CELLS
31
what does atrophy mean
smaller muscle fibers
32
what causes atropy
non-use, lack of innervation, loss of myofibrils, reversible vs irreversible
33
muscle twitch
response of a single motor unit/single fiber to an action potential smallest unit of contraction
34
myogram
picture of the contraction of a motor unit
35
components shown in a myogram
latent period contraction period relaxation period refractory period
36
what is latent period
time between stimulus and on-set of twitch. reaction time. internal tension
37
what is contraction period
elastic components of muscle are taut (tightened/flexed). external tension
38
what is relaxation period
ca+ reabsorbed and muscle relaxes
39
what is refractory period
when another stimulus cannot occur. peak
40
summation
incomplete tetanus, muscle doesnt have time to rest between twitches, force of each twitch builds on the previous one.
41
tetanus
no relaxation between stimuli. twitches occur so rapidly that they fuse into a smooth prolonged contraction, plateau graph. influenced by the availability of Ca+ because no time to pump Ca+ back into SR, no more increase in tension
42
treppe
when muscle is contracted after long period of rest, the initial contraction is small, and gradually gets bigger as it is stimulated more...muscle is able to recover. caused by SR not having time to reabsorb Ca+ so concentration in SR increases over time for increases twitch strength
43
types of summation and what are they
frequency- multiple stimuli on same muscle fiber at higher frequency, increasing tension of the fiber muscle fiber- multiple muscle fibers stimulated simultaneously, increasing tension of the fiber/units
44
isometric contraction
generates tension but length is constant. muscle does not shorten ex: holding dumbbell and beginning to lift arm. fixed position. ex: posture, joint support
45
isotonic contraction
changes in muscle length in a constant tension. ex: lifting dumbbell and bicep shortens. movement
46
how does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal?
-shorter and thicker sarcomeres -no motor neuron innervation. because INVOLUNTARY. controlled by ANS...SA node -cellular respiration for energy, lots of mitochondria -intercalated discs, single nucleus
47
how does smooth muscle differ from skeletal?
-no sarcomeres, myofilaments exist but not aligned with each other, actin arranged obliquely in cytoplasm -no motor neurons, ANS INVOLUNTARY -Ca+ role, speed and stress-relaxation response
48
what is the role of Ca+ in smooth muscle
-no T-tubules, little SR -Ca+ diffuses from ECM -Ca+ binds to calmodulin because no troponin
49
what does calmodulin do in smooth muscle contraction?
ca+ modulated protein. a binding messenger protein where ca+ binds to activate enzyme called light chain myokinase which gives the myosin head a P from ATP
50
what is the speed of contraction in smooth muscle?
peristalsis, slow, low force, continuous wave-like
51
what is the stress-relaxation response in smooth muscle?
can stretch and adapt to new length. stretched muscle retains ability to contract.

a&p test 3 (4 decks)

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