Chapter 10

Question 1

What is prejudice?

Answer 1

An attitude towards a social group and its members.

Question 2

What is sexism?

Answer 2

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their gender.

Question 3

What is a sex role?

Answer 3

Behaviour deemed sex-stereotypically appropriate.

Question 4

What is face-ism?

Answer 4

Media depiction that gives greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body
for men, but vice versa for women.

Question 5

What is racism?

Answer 5

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their ethnicity or race.

Question 6

What is the implicit association test?

Answer 6

Reaction-time test to measure attitudes – particularly those unpopular attitudes that people might conceal.

Question 7

What is ageism?

Answer 7

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age.

Question 8

What is tokenism?

Answer 8

The practice of publicly making small concessions to a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination.

Question 9

What is reverse discrimination?

Answer 9

The practice of publicly being prejudiced in favour of a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination against that group

Question 10

What is mere exposure effect?

Answer 10

Repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object

Question 11

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Answer 11

Theory that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration. Used to explain prejudice and intergroup aggression. Prejudice is quite a common group reaction to frustrated group goals - displacing aggression to weaker groups and scapegoats for actual source of frustration.

Question 12

What is a scapegoat?

Answer 12

Individual or group that becomes the target for anger and frustration caused by a different individual or group or some other set of circumstances.

Question 13

What is displacement?

Answer 13

Psychodynamic concept referring to the transfer of negative feelings on to an individual or group other than that which originally caused the negative feelings.

Question 14

What is collective behaviour?

Answer 14

The behaviour of people en masse – such as in a crowd, protest or riot.

Question 15

What is relative deprivation?

Answer 15

A sense of having less than we feel entitled to.

Question 16

What is an authoritarian personality?

Answer 16

Personality syndrome originating in childhood through parenting styles that predisposes individuals to be prejudiced - such as ethnocentrism/intolerance, pessimistic/cynical view of human nature, conservatism and suspicion of democracy.

Question 17

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 17

Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups.

Question 18

What is dogmatism?

Answer 18

Cognitive style that is rigid and intolerant and predisposes people to be prejudiced

Question 19

What is social dominance theory?

Answer 19

Theory that attributes prejudice to an individual’s acceptance of an ideology that legitimises ingroup-serving hierarchy and domination, and rejects egalitarian ideologies. Typically accepting myths that legitimise hierarchy/discrimination

Question 20

What is system justification theory?

Answer 20

Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and
protects the status quo.

Question 21

What is belief congruency theory?

Answer 21

The theory that similar beliefs promote liking and social harmony among people, while dissimilar beliefs produce dislike and prejudice.

Question 22

What is a minimal group paradigm?

Answer 22

Experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorisation alone on behaviour.

Question 23

What is discrimination?

Answer 23

The behavioural expression of prejudice.

Question 24

Why are prejudices attitudes?

Answer 24

This is because they are based on three component attitude models of cognition (beleifs), affective (emotions, often negative) and conative (intentions to behave)

Question 25

How do we form prejudices?

Answer 25

1. Socio cognitive categorisation and statistical reasoning (schemas) 2. Information processing and impression formation 3. Attribution theory (deriving traits from a single one)

Question 26

What are the types of prejudice?

Answer 26

1. Blatant - explicit, overt, deliberate, self-reported: beliefs 2. Subtle - implicit, covert, spontaneous activation, knowledge of stereotypes but not explicit agreement

Question 27

How has prejudice changed over the years?

Answer 27

There is less and less blatant prejudice, but subtle prejudice is not fully known. However recently there is an upsurge of right-wing populism, leading to increased blatant prejudice.

Question 28

What is the critical race perspective?

Answer 28

How race is socially constructed and shaped by socioeconomic and legal systems systematically

Question 29

How is subtle discrimination shown?

Answer 29

Negative treatment seems individual but stems from group membership, so people treat outgroup members with less eye contact, interpersonal distance and anxious behaviour.

Question 30

Who are targets of prejudice?

Answer 30

Minorities with low power - often race, sex, age and physical/mental health

Question 31

How might discrimination appear positive?

Answer 31

Through benevolent sexism which confirms the dominant position of men by spewing ideas that appear positive such as "women need to be cherished," "women are more refined" and "a mean is not complete without a woman"

Question 32

What are the moderators of benevolent sexism?

Answer 32

1. Gender-specific system justification 2. Perceived advantages of being a woman 3. Positive affect

Question 33

What is precarious manhood?

Answer 33

A social status that is heard to earn, easy to lose, and must be proved repeatedly via action

Question 34

Why are people prejudiced?

Answer 34

1. Due to instinctive fear to unfamiliar and unusual groups - contact, exposure and multiculturism 2. Can be learned via transmission of parental prejudices and formation of preferences before factual knowledge 3. Frustration-aggression hypothesis 4. Personality explanation of prejudice - prejudice as abnormal behaviour resulting from individual differences as some people are more prejudiced than others and affected by social processes.

Question 35

What are criticisms for the frustration aggression hypothesis?

Answer 35

1. It can not explain all prejudices 2. The frustration aggression explanations have been adjusted themselves 3. It assumes that we are passive victims of frustration/anger and yet we still regulate it