Chapter 15

Question 1

What is communication?

Answer 1

Transfer of meaningful information from one person to another.

Question 2

What is language?

Answer 2

A system of sounds and symbols that convey meaning because of shared grammatical and semantic rules. They are utterances, locutions and illocution.

Question 3

What are utterance?

Answer 3

Sounds made by one person to another.

Question 4

What are locutions?

Answer 4

Words placed in sequence.

Question 5

What is illocution?

Answer 5

Words placed in sequence and the context in which this is done.

Question 6

What is linguistic relativity?

Answer 6

View that language determines thought and therefore people who speak different languages see the world in very different ways.

Question 7

What is essentialism?

Answer 7

Pervasive tendency to consider behaviour to reflect underlying and immutable, often innate, properties of people or the groups they belong to.

Question 8

What is paralanguage?

Answer 8

The non-linguistic accompaniments of speech (e.g. stress, pitch, speed, tone, pauses).

Question 9

What is speech style?

Answer 9

The way in which something is said (e.g. accent, language), rather than the content of what is said.

Question 10

What are social markers?

Answer 10

Features of speech style that convey information about mood, context, status and group membership.

Question 11

What is the matched-guise technique?

Answer 11

Research methodology to measure people’s attitudes towards a speaker based solely on speech style.

Question 12

What is received pronounciation?

Answer 12

Standard, high-status, spoken variety of English.

Question 13

What is ethnolinguistic identity theory?

Answer 13

Application and extension of social identity theory to deal with language behaviour of ethnolinguistic groups

Question 14

What is an ethnolinguistic group?

Answer 14

Social group defined principally in terms of its language.

Question 15

What is subjective vitality?

Answer 15

Individual group members’ representation of the objective ethnolinguistic vitality of their group.

Question 16

What is speech accommodation theory?

Answer 16

Modification of speech style to the context (e.g. listener, situation) of a face-to-face interindividual conversation.

Question 17

What is speech convergence?

Answer 17

Accent or speech-style shift towards that of the other person.

Question 18

What is speech divergence?

Answer 18

Accent or speech-style shift away from that of the other person.

Question 19

What is communication accommodation theory?

Answer 19

Modification of verbal and non-verbal communication styles to the context (e.g. listener, situation) of a face-to-face interaction – an extension of speech accommodation theory to incorporate non-verbal communication.

Question 20

What is ageism?

Answer 20

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age.

Question 21

What is speech?

Answer 21

Vocal production of language.

Question 22

What is non-verbal communication?

Answer 22

Transfer of meaningful information from one person to another by means other than written or spoken language (e.g. gaze, facial expression, distance, posture, touch).

Question 23

What are display rules?

Answer 23

Cultural and situational rules that dictate how appropriate it is to express emotions in a given context. Often they are situational, cultural, status and gender different.

Question 24

What is visual dominance behaviour?

Answer 24

Tendency to gaze fixedly at a lower-status speaker.

Question 25

What are kinesics?

Answer 25

Linguistics of body communication.

Question 26

What are emblems?

Answer 26

Gestures that replace or stand in for spoken language.

Question 27

What are proxemics?

Answer 27

Study of interpersonal distance.

Question 28

What is personal space?

Answer 28

Physical space around people's bodies, which they treat as a part of themselves.

Question 29

What is the functions of language?

Answer 29

To convey meaning, to accomplish something, to get someone to do something and to express oneself

Question 30

What are the two communication aspects of language?

Answer 30

1. What is said? - content 2. How is it said? - paralanguage and speech style and grammatical characteristics

Question 31

What is the linguistic category model?

Answer 31

The idea that language can be concrete (what people do - situational attribution, changeable, unexpected and often counter stereotype) and abstract (what people are - personal attribution, stable, expected and stereotypical behaviours)

Question 32

How do facial expressions communicate?

Answer 32

They can express genuine emotions but they are controllable for deception.

Question 33

What are the four zones of personal space?

Answer 33

1. Public space 2. Social space 3. Personal space 4. Intimate space

Question 34

What are the functions of non-verbal communication?

Answer 34

1. Facilitate goal attainment 2. Establish dominance and control 3. Regulate interactions such as turn-taking 4. Information about other's feelings and intentions > express intimacy

Question 35

Why does computer-mediated communication seem less suitable for social regulation?

Answer 35

Limited options to display non-verbal communication and different verbal content than face to face. Text-based communication also restricts nuance.

Question 36

Is an idea of digital dualism accurate?

Answer 36

People are also not digital dualists, they act similarly online as offline