Chapter 10

Question 1

Who discovered the original penicillin in 1928? (a shot)

Answer 1

Alexander Flemming

Question 2

A drug must be able to?

Answer 2

• easy to administer
• able to reach the infectious agents anywhere in the body
• selectively toxic
• remain in the body as long as needed, and can be safely and easily broken down and excreted
• very few drugs meet all these

Question 3

absolutely toxic to the infectious agent and nontoxic to the host this is?

Answer 3

selectively toxic

Question 4

Drugs from bacteria?

Answer 4

streptomyces and bacillus

Question 5

Drugs from mold?

Answer 5

Penicillium and cephalopsporium

Question 6

Before starting treatment what are the three factor you must know?

Answer 6

• nature of the microorganism
• degree of the microorganisms susceptibility (sensitivity) to various drugs.
• overall medical condition of the patient.

Question 7

What test for drug susceptibility measures the zone of inhibition surrounding the discs is measured and compared with a standard for each drug?

Answer 7

Kirby-Bauer technique

Question 8

What test for drug susceptibility is this?
-Antimicrobial is diluted
-Each tube is inoculated with a small uniform sample of pure culture
-Minimum inhibitory concentration
The test can be expanded to determine a MBC (Minimum bactericidal concentration

Answer 8

Tube dilution tests

Question 9

What is the smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth?

Answer 9

Minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 10

What are the two tests that test drug susceptibility?

Answer 10

• Kirby-Bauer technique

- Tube dilution tests

Question 11

What is the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose

Answer 11

Therapeutic index

Question 12

1.1 is?

Answer 12

a risky choice for drug reactions.

Question 13

Before prescribing an antibiotic a doctor should ask?

Answer 13

• Preexisting conditions
• History of allergy
• Underlying liver or kidney disease
• Infants, the elderly, and pregnant

Question 14

Drug testing summary includes?

Answer 14

• Lab tests
• Animal tests
• Human Clinical Trials

Question 15

Which phase is done in healthy young people (usually males) to test for toxicity

Answer 15

Phase I Clinical trial of Human Clinical Trials

Question 16

Which phase is done in persons with the infection or disorder to see if the drug is effective

Answer 16

Phase II clinical trials of Human Clinical Trials

Question 17

Which phase continues after phase II but compares the drug to any current treatments on the market

Answer 17

Phase III clinical trials of Human Clinical Trials

Question 18

Which phase occurs after market studies

Answer 18

Phase IV of Human Clinical Trials

Question 19

What are these?

• Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
• Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function
• Inhibition of protein synthesis
• Interference with cell membrane structure and function
• Inhibition of a metabolic process

Answer 19

Modes of actions for Antimicrobial drugs

Question 20

What targets peptidoglycan

Answer 20

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Question 21

DNA or RNA structure or synthesis is?

Answer 21

DNA or RNA structure or synthesis is?

Question 22

What targets the prokaryotic ribosome

Answer 22

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Question 23

What targets the plasma membrane

Answer 23

Interference with cell membrane structure and function

Question 24

What targets a metabolic process in the microbe that is different

Answer 24

Inhibition of a metabolic process

Question 25

What is effective against more than one group of bacteria - Advantage is that you don’t have to know the cause of the infection first - Disadvantage is that you will kill normal flora and cause a superinfection

Answer 25

Broad-spectrum drugs

Question 26

What targets a specific group? - Advantage is that you will not kill normal flora (at least not as much) - Disadvantage is that you must be reasonably sure of the cause of the infection

Answer 26

Narrow-spectrum drugs

Question 27

Which are the microbes that were once small in number overgrow when normal resident biota are destroyed by broad-spectrum antimicrobials

Answer 27

Superinfection

Question 28

A later version could be taken as a pill but had to be taken every 4 hours

Answer 28

Penicillin

Question 29

Semisynthetic penicillins are?

Answer 29

altered, they work better.

Question 30

What do biofilms do for bacteria?

Answer 30

protect them

Question 31

What are the five Classes of Antimicrobials?

Answer 31

``` Antibacterial drugs Antifungal drugs Antiprotozoal drugs Antihelminthic drugs Antiviral drugs ```

Question 32

Antibacterials that Target the cell wall are?

Answer 32

``` Penicillins Clavulanic acid Cephalosporins Carbepenems Bacitracin Vancomycin Isoniazid Ethambutol ```

Question 33

What am i? - Many semisynthetics available. - Only problem in allergic reactions. - Resistant microbes produce beta lactamase that break the central ring of the penicillin molecule (the beta lactam ring)

Answer 33

Penicillin

Question 34

Who am i? - Inhibits beta lactamase enzymes - Added to penicillins to reduce resistance - Example: Augmentin (clavulanic acid + amoxicillin)

Answer 34

Clavulanic acid

Question 35

Who am i? - Many generations available - Good for people allergic to penicillin - Can be affected by beta lactamase producing microbes

Answer 35

Cephalosporins

Question 36

Who am i? - Good for people allergic to penicillin - Broad Spectrum - Reserved for more serious infections - Resistant to beta lactamase enzymes

Answer 36

Carbepenems

Question 37

What is used topically against staph and strep. Found in triple antibiotic ointment?

Answer 37

Bacitracin

Question 38

What is used for multidrug resistant staph or strep infections?

Answer 38

Vancomycin

Question 39

What inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid? | Also used in combination therapy to treat tuberculosis and leprosy.

Answer 39

Isoniazid

Question 40

What prevents the encorporation of mycolic acid in the cell wall. Also used in combination with isoniazid.

Answer 40

Ethambutol

Question 41

Antibacterials that Target 70S ribosomes (protein synthesis) are?

Answer 41

- Streptomycin - Neomycin - Tetracycline - Erythromycin - Clindamycin

Question 42

Who am i? - first drug to treat Gram negative infection and tuberculosis - Broad spectrum - Can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

Answer 42

Streptomycin (1943)

Question 43

Who am i? - treats Gram negative infection - Is nephrotoxic so is usually used topically (part of the triple antibiotic ointment

Answer 43

Neomycin

Question 44

Who am i? - Very broad spectrum - Can stain growing teeth brown - Causes superinfections

Answer 44

Tetracycline

Question 45

Who am i? - Family of antibiotics (includes the “Z pack”) - Good for patients allergic to penicillin - Used of respiratory, ear and skin infections

Answer 45

Erythromycin

Question 46

Who am i? - Used to treat drug resistant staph and stomach and intestinal infections that do not respond to other medications - Good for anaerobic infections

Answer 46

Clindamycin

Question 47

Antibacterials that microbial metabolism are?

Answer 47

Sulfonamides | Trimethoprim

Question 48

Who am i? | -Inhibit the synthesis of folic acid

Answer 48

Sulfonamides

Question 49

What is a sulfonamide and is used for UTI’s?

Answer 49

Trimethoprim

Question 50

Antibacterials that target DNA or RNA are?

Answer 50

Fluoroquinolones | Rifamycin

Question 51

- Inhibit bacterial topoisomerases or helicases (inhibit DNA synthesis) - Used for serious infections like anthrax, kidney infections, pneumonia, etc.

Answer 51

Fluoroquinolones

Question 52

- Inhibits RNA synthesis - Used for tuberculosis (in combination with isoniazid and ethambutol) - Also used for meningitis

Answer 52

Rifammycin

Question 53

Folic acid is need to synthesize ___ and ___ nucleotides

Answer 53

DNA and RNA

Question 54

We don’t make our own _______, we get it in our diet

Answer 54

folic acid

Question 55

Antibacterials that target the Plasma Membrane

Answer 55

Polymyxin B

Question 56

- Interacts with phospholipids and distorts the plasma membrane, making it leaky - Most effective against Gram negative bacteria - Usually used topically (part of the triple antibiotic ointment) - Can be used against Pseudomonas

Answer 56

Polymyxin B