Chapter 13 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What is the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances?
A
immunocompetence
2
Q
What are molecules that stimulate a response by B and T cells?
A
antigens
3
Q
Unlike PAMPS, antigens are?
A
highly individual and stimulate specific immunity.
4
Q
Foreign molecules that stimulate an immune response is?
A
Antigens
5
Q
Memory cells are?
A
cells that remember
6
Q
specificity cells are?
A
cells that have specific jobs.
7
Q
What is cell-mediated immunity?
A
T-lymphocytes
8
Q
What is production and activities of antibodies?
A
B-lymphocytes
9
Q
Antibody-mediated are?
A
B- cells
10
Q
B-cells and T-cells are produced where?
A
in the bone marrow
11
Q
mature in specialized bone marrow sites.
A
b-cells
12
Q
mature in the thymus.
A
t-cells
13
Q
t-cell are long?
A
lived cells.
14
Q
When pathogens carrying antigens cross the first line of defense what happens?
A
- macrophages ingest the pathogen
- dendritic cells ingest the pathogen and process it to present it to T and B lymphocytes.
15
Q
What is MHC?
A
Major Histocompatibility complex
16
Q
- human cell markers or receptors
- found on all cells except red blood cells
A
MHC
17
Q
What codes for markers that appear on all nucleated cells, display unique characteristics of self?
A
MHC: Class I genes
18
Q
What markers found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, and are involved in presentation of antigens to T cells?
A
MHC: Class II genes
19
Q
Found on T-cells?
A
CD3
20
Q
Found on helper T cells?
A
CD4
21
Q
Found on cytotoxic T cells?
A
CD8
22
Q
What activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and help activate cytotoxic T cells?
A
Helper t-cells
23
Q
What controls the T-cell response?
they help turn it off
A
Regulatory T cells
24
Q
What leads to the destruction of infected host cells and other “foreign” cells?
A
Cytotoxic T cells
25
What are the three functional types of t cells?
- helper t cells
- regulatory t cells
- cytotoxic t cells
26
T-cells secrete?
cytokines
27
T-cells do not?
produce antibodies
28
T-cell are long?
lived
29
When activated, B cells divide and give?
rise to plasma cells.
30
Plasma cells produce and release antibodies into the tissue and the blood.
B-cells
31
Antibodies attach to the antigen for which they are specific, and the antigen is marked for destruction or neutralization.
B-cells
32
Naïve lymphocytes circulate in the blood, “homing” to specific sites in the lymph nodes, spleen, and GALT.
B-cells
33
What are short lived and are continually produced in the bone marrow?
b-cells
34
The mechanism by which the exactly correct B or T cell is activated by any incoming antigen is called?
(this is GENETIC)
clonal selection
35
What is the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after activation by an antigen?
Clonal expansion
36
synonymous with antigen
Immunogen
37
Substances that can elicit an immune response
immunogen/antigen
38
the portion of an antigenic molecule to which a lymphocyte responds to is?
epitope
39
Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are?
Haptens
40
What is linked to a larger carrier molecule, the combination develops immunogenicity?
Haptens
41
Name some examples of haptens.
- drugs
- metal
- chemicals
42
Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species, but not in others are?
(blood group)
Alloantigens
43
Bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells are?
superantigens
44
What creates a overwhelming release of cytokines and cell death?
superantigens
45
What causes toxic shock syndrome?
superantigens
46
What are antigens that evoke allergic reactions?
Allergens
47
antigen presenting cells are?
Macrophages
B cells
Dendritic cells
48
After processing is complete, the antigen will be bound to the MHC receptor and moved to the surface of the APC so it will be readily accessible to T lymphocytes.
APC's process
49
APCs stands for?
antigen presenting cells
50
CMI stands for?
cell-mediated immunity
51
All t-cells produce?
cytokines
52
How many types of t-cells are there?
three
53
All helper t cells bear the?
CD4 marker
54
The main function of helper t -cells is?
to active b cells, macrophages and neutrophils and to promote inflammation in anti parasitic and allergic reactions.
55
cytotoxic t-cells are?
cells that kill other cells
56
recognize virus peptides displayed on the host cell surface in combination with MHC I
virally infected cells
57
What cells can cytotoxic t-cells kill?
- virally infected cells
- cancer cells
- cells from other animals and humans.
58
Which cell lacks specificity for antigens?
natural killer cells.
59
What kind of cells do natural killer cells kill?
cancer cells and virus infected cells
60
Humoral immunity is produced by?
b cells
61
functions of antibodies are?
- opsonization
- neutralization
- inflammation
- agglutination
- complement activation
62
What enhances the ability of phagocytes to bind to the microbe?
opsonization
63
What inhibits attachment of the microbe or toxin to the host cell?
neutralization
64
What antibody binding to mast cells or basophils cause them to release histamine and other mediators?
Inflammation
65
Since antibodies have two binding sites they can bind cells together in clumps that the immune system can find and destroy what is this called?
Agglutination
66
two antibodies side by side on a microbe will activate complement.
complement activation
67
structural and functional classes of immunoglobulins are?
isotypes
68
Pentamer made of five antibody molecules is?
IgM
69
What can fix complement?
IgM
70
Too large to leave the blood vessels in large quantities and cannot cross the placenta
IgM
71
Good as a first response and for microbes infecting the blood is?
IgM
72
Monomer (one antibody molecule)
IgG
73
Babies are born with whatever circulating ___ would be found in the mother’s blood
IgG
74
Is the most effective antibody Can cross the placenta
IgG
75
Monomer that circulates in small amounts in the blood is?
IgA
76
What is most abundant in mucous and serous secretions ?
IgA
77
Which immunoglobulin is a dimer?
IgA
78
Is the antibody associated with the secondary response?
IgG
79
Can fix complement?
IgG
80
Can leave the blood and go into the body’s tissues
IgG
81
Coats the surface of mucous membranes
IgA
82
Suspended in saliva, tears, colostrum, and mucus
IgA
83
Colostrum: earliest secretion of breast milk; high in IgA that coats the gastrointestinal tract of a nursing infant
IgA
84
- Monomer (one antibody molecule)
- Binds to mast cells and basophils
- Causes they to release histamine and other chemicals
- Is the antibody associated with allergies and helminthic infections
IgE
85
- Monomer (one antibody molecule)
| - Serves as a B cell receptor and triggers B cell activation
IgD
86
IgM only works in the?
blood
87
IgG gets rid of?
the infection
88
Which response am i?
- The first time the antigen is encountered
- B and T cells begin clonal selection and expansion
- B cells responding to the antigen alone produce primarily IgM.
- patient usually gets sick
- helper t cells are produced; they stimulate B cells to produce IgG
- patient recovers
primary response
89
Which response am i?
- Occurs when the antigen is seen again
- Memory B and T cells produce an immediate immune response with more IgG and some IgM
- The patient does not get sick
Secondary response
90
levels of antibodies in the serum over time is?
titer
91
any immunity that is acquired through the normal biological experiences of an individual
natural immunity
92
protection from infection obtained through medical procedures such as vaccines and immune serum
artificial immunity
93
- an individual receives immune stimulus that activates B and T cells to produce immune substances such as antibodies
- Creates memory
- natural (having the infection) or artificial (vaccination)
active immunity
94
- individual receives antibodies from another human or animal
- Recipient is protected for a short period of time
- lack of memory
- Lack of antibody production against the disease
- Immediate onset of protection
- Short-term effectiveness
- natural (antibodies from mother to infant) or artificial (receiving immune products in a medical environment) in origin
passive immunity
95
Who was the first person to create a vaccine to small pox?
edward jenner
96
Gamma globulin >
passive immunization
97
Immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of many human donors is?
Gamma globulin
98
Stimulate a primary response and a memory response
Artificial Vaccination
99
- Protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of the pathogen
- low level of adverse side effects
- Stimulate both antibody (B-cell) and cell-mediated (T-cell) response
- Long-term
- Does not require numerous doses or boosters
- Inexpensive, have a relatively long shelf life, and be easy to administer
Qualities of an effective vaccine
100
whole cell or virus vaccines
- Live, attenuated cells or viruses
| - Killed cells or inactivated viruses
101
Antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses is?
- subunits derived from cultures
- synthesized
- manufactured via genetic engineering
102
Most vaccines are administered via the routes ?
- Subcutaneous
- Intramuscular
- Intradermal
103
Nasal and oral vaccines?
available for only a few diseases.
104
special binding substance required by some vaccines is?
Adjuvant
105
- Enhances immunogenicity
| - Prolongs antigen retention at the injection site
Adjuvant
106
- Local reactions at the injection site
- Fever
- Allergies
Vaccine Side Effects
107
No link between autism and MMR vaccine: true or false?
true
108
Price of not vaccinating
- Decrease in the level of herd immunity
| - Outbreaks
109
a certain percentage of the population is vaccinated, making it impossible for the microbe to circulate
herd immunity
