Chapter 12

Question 1

-Found in the blood an migrate out of the blood and into the tissues when stimulated

Answer 1

Neutrophils

Question 2

-React early in the inflammatory response

Answer 2

Neutrophils

Question 3

are transformed into macrophages after they migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues.

Answer 3

Monocytes

Question 4

live in a certain tissue

Answer 4

Histiocytes

Question 5

microglial cells are?

Answer 5

in the CNS

Question 6

Lung macrophages are?

Answer 6

Alveolar

Question 7

cells in the liver are?

Answer 7

Kupffer

Question 8

What cells are in the skin?

Answer 8

dendritic

Question 9

what is the chemical trail called that leads to the injury?

Answer 9

chemotaxis

Question 10

single molecules found on microbial surfaces recognized by phagocytes and other defensive cells are?

Answer 10

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

Question 11

What are molecules shared by many organisms, but not present in mammals?

Answer 11

PAMPS

Question 12

What are PRR’s ?

Answer 12

pattern recognition receptors

Question 13

What are found on phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes?

Answer 13

PRR’s

Question 14

What recognizes and bind PAMPs

Answer 14

PRR’s

Question 15

What is it called when phagocytes use pattern recognition to identify and stick to foreign cells?

Answer 15

attachment.

Question 16

Once the phagocyte had made contact with its prey it extends pseudopods that enclose the cells or particles in a pocket and internalize them in a vacuole called a phagosome. It secretes more cytokines to further amplify the innate response.

Answer 16

Engulfment.

Question 17

in a short time lysosomes migrate to the scene of the phagosome and fuse with it to form a phagolysosome.

Answer 17

Phagolysosome formation

Question 18

redness caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissue is?

Answer 18

rubor

Question 19

heat or warmth caused by the heat given off by the increased flow of blood is?

Answer 19

calor

Question 20

swelling caused by fluid escaping into the tissues is?

Answer 20

tumor

Question 21

pain caused by the stimulation of nerve endings is?

Answer 21

dolor

Question 22

something caused by swelling and pain is?

Answer 22

loss of function

Question 23

• Trauma from infection
• Tissue injury or necrosis due to physical or chemical agents
• Specific immune reactions

Answer 23

factors that elicit inflammation

Question 24

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 24

chemotaxis
attachment
ingestion
phagolysosome formation
digestion
excretion

Question 25

- mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury - to repair tissue - destroy microbes and block their further invasion

Answer 25

chief function of inflammation

Question 26

does inflammation have the potential to cause tissue injury?

Answer 26

yes, it does.

Question 27

small active molecules secreted by monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells are?

Answer 27

cytokines

Question 28

cytokines do what?

Answer 28

communicate with each other.

Question 29

what causes vasodilation?

Answer 29

histamine

Question 30

What produces histamines?

Answer 30

basophils | mast cells

Question 31

initial injury chain reaction take place vasodilation summoning beneficial cells and fluids to injured area

Answer 31

stages of inflammation

Question 32

migration of WBCs out of blood vessels into tissues is called?

Answer 32

diapedesis

Question 33

the accumulation of a whitish mass of cells, liquefied cellular debris, and bacteria is?

Answer 33

pus

Question 34

What bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, gonococci, and meningococci that stimulate the formation of pus?

Answer 34

pyogenic

Question 35

Abnormally elevated body temperature is?

Answer 35

fever

Question 36

Nearly universal symptom of infection is?

Answer 36

fever

Question 37

Body temperature is maintained by the?

Answer 37

hypothalamus

Question 38

What are substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting?

Answer 38

pyrogens

Question 39

products of infectious agents are?

Answer 39

Exogenous pyrogens

Question 40

liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophagesduring phagocytosis such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor is?

Answer 40

endogenous pyrogens

Question 41

What are benefits of fever?

Answer 41

- Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron - Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions

Question 42

What is produced by viral infected cells and it will be released and will protect the other cells.

Answer 42

Interferon

Question 43

What are the two antimicrobial proteins?

Answer 43

- interferons | - complement

Question 44

What has 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and certain viruses

Answer 44

complement

Question 45

Complement 3 pathways: Which pathway is initiated either by the foreign cell membrane of a parasite or a surface antibody?

Answer 45

Classical pathway

Question 46

Complement 3 pathways: Which binds to pathogen membranes

Answer 46

alternative pathway

Question 47

Complement 3 pathways: Which binds to mannose?

Answer 47

lectin pathway

Question 48

Common effects of all complement pathways: | Which one is caused by the membrane attack complex? kills the cell

Answer 48

cytolysis.

Question 49

Common effects of all complement pathways: Which one has certain complement proteins bind to microbes and enhance the ability of phagocytic cells to ingest them?

Answer 49

opsonization

Question 50

Common effects of all complement pathways: Which one has certain complement proteins bind to mast cells and make them release histamine?

Answer 50

Inflammation