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Psychology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

The distinction between males and females based on biological characteristics

A

Sex

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2
Q

Psychological aspects of identifying oneself as male or female

A

Gender

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3
Q

The typical behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits consistent with being male or female within a given culture

A

Gender Roles

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4
Q

The process by which people learn their culture’s preferences and expectations for male and female behavior

A

Gender Typing

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5
Q

One’s view of oneself as male or female

A

Gender Identity

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6
Q

When does gender identity begin to be formed?

A

Pretty much from the get go

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7
Q

How is gender identity formed?

A

Research findings indicate that both prenatal hormones and postnatal social factors contribute to adult gender identity

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8
Q

Directly involved in human reproduction; present at birth but developing fully during puberty

A

Primary sex characteristics

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9
Q

The tube leading from outside the body to the opening of the uterus

A

Vagina

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10
Q

Muscular organ in which the fetus develops during pregnancy (known as the womb during pregnancy)

A

Uterus

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11
Q

The lower end of the uterus that projects into the vagina

A

Cervix

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12
Q

Small, sensitive organ composed of erectile tissue; located above the vaginal opening

A

Clitoris

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13
Q

The two female reproductive glands; the source of female hormones and ova

A

Ovaries

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14
Q

Two tubes that carry ova (eggs) from the ovaries to the uterus

A

Fallopian tubes

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15
Q

External genital structures of females

A

Vulva

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16
Q

Fleshy mound that sits at the top of the vulva

A

Mons

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17
Q

The larger outer lips of the vulva

A

Labia majora

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18
Q

The smaller inner lips of the vulva, surrounding the vaginal opening

A

Labia minora

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19
Q

Tubular structure through which males urinate and through which sperm (male sex cells) are ejaculated

A

Penis

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20
Q

Two male reproductive glands; a source of male hormones and the source of sperm

A

Testes

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21
Q

Fluid of the male reproductive system which carry sperm

A

Semen

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22
Q

Gland that supplies most of the fluid that makes semen; located at the base of the urinary bladder

A

Prostate

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23
Q

Two small organs on the sides of the prostate that supply fluid that becomes part of the semen

A

Seminal vesicles

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24
Q

Structure at the top of each testis in which sperm are stored

A

Epididymis

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25
Q

Ducts that carry sperm from the testes to the urethra

A

Vas deferens

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26
Q

The external pouch holding the testes and responds to changes in temperature by contracting or relaxing to ensure that the testes remain at an optimal temperature for sperm production

A

Scrotum

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27
Q

Indirectly involved in human reproduction; developing during puberty

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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28
Q

In females, adolescent growth spurt, beginning at about ages 10 to 12 and completed about one year following the (blank)

A

First Menstrual Cycle

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29
Q

In females, first menstruation, occurring at about age 12 in developed countries

A

Menarche

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30
Q

What are some secondary sex characteristics that happen in females?

A

Menarche, enlarged breasts, widening of hips, additional fat deposits on the buttocks and thighs, and pubic hair

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31
Q

In males, adolescent growth spurt, beginning about two years after the female growth spurt, and completed by the (blank)

A

Late teenage years

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32
Q

What are some secondary sex characteristics that happen in males?

A

Enlargement of the larynx (voice box), deepening of the voice, facial, chest, and pubic hair, growth of the penis, and Spermarche

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33
Q

First ejaculation of sperm, occurring about age 14

A

Spermarche

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34
Q

What are male hormones?

A

Androgens

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35
Q

What are female hormones?

A

Estrogens

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36
Q

Modern term for a hermaphrodite, a person who possesses ambiguous sexual organs, making it difficult to determine actual sex from a visual inspection at birth

A

Intersexual

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37
Q

Experiencing gender incongruence

A

Gender dysphoria

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38
Q

Emphasizes learning gender roles through observation and imitation of models

A

Social Learning Theory

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39
Q

Gender appropriate behavior is reinforced while gender inappropriate behavior is ignored or punished by those in a child’s environment

A

Social Learning Theory

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40
Q

Children develop a schema (a mental framework of pattern) for being male or female, identify themselves as boy or girl, and pattern their behavior according to the appropriate schema

A

Gender Schema Theory

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41
Q

a generalization about being male or female; may contain positive and negative concepts; may lead to sexism (prejudice concerning males and females)

A

Gender stereotype

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42
Q

Typically includes the characteristics of being aggressive, logical, decisive, unemotional, insensitive, nonnurturing, impatient, and mechanically capable

A

Male gender stereotype

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43
Q

Typically includes the characteristics of being illogical, changeable, emotional, sensitive, nurturing, patient, and mechanically incapable

A

Female gender stereotype

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44
Q

Do stereotypes change over time?

A

Yes

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45
Q

Having the presence of both masculine and feminine traits

A

Androgyny

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46
Q

People who have a good number of both masculine and feminine traits have been found to be more adaptable to situations and to have better mental health than those who are not this. What is it called?

A

Androgyny

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47
Q

Who is smarter, males or females?

A

The same

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48
Q

In communication styles which kind do men have and which kind do women have?

A

Females – rapport talk

Males – report talk

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49
Q

Unspoken mental plans that define the actions expected in a sexual encounter

A

Sexual scripts

50
Q

When two people have different (blank) misunderstanding is likely to occur

A

Sexual scripts

51
Q

The strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behavior

A

Sex drive

52
Q

Related to the amount of androgens in males, and to the amount of estrogens and also testosterone in females

A

Sex Drive

53
Q

Self-stimulation of the genitals for sexual pleasure or orgasm

A

Masturbation

54
Q

About 95% of males and 89% of females report engaging in (blank)

A

Masturbation

55
Q

What percent of married people report occasionally engaging in masturbation

A

Approximately 70%

56
Q

Masters and Johnson, pioneers in sexual research, found that human sexual response can be divided into four phases. What are they?

A

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution

57
Q

Physiological arousal stage in which blood flows to the penis, resulting in erection, and lubrication occurs in the vagina, nipples become erect, heart rate increases, and blood pressure increases, among other physiological responses

A

Excitement phase

58
Q

How long can the Excitement phase last?

A

May last from one minute to several hours

59
Q

Characterized by high levels of sustained arousal

A

Plateau phase

60
Q

How long does the Plateau phase last?

A

may last from a few seconds to several minutes

61
Q

Results at the peak of arousal

A

Orgasm phase

62
Q

Involuntary spasms of many muscles occur during this phase, breathing is rapid, blood pressure and heart rate increase even more, skin flushes, and a partial loss of muscle control is experienced

A

Orgasm phase

63
Q

Physical arousal quickly diminishes and, following a period of a few minutes, the body returns to a condition similar to its initial state prior to arousal

A

Resolution phase

64
Q

A period of time in which there is no response to further sexual stimulation, usually experienced by males

A

Refractory period

65
Q

Refers to a person’s emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes

A

Sexual Orientation

66
Q

Attraction to members of the opposite sex

A

Heterosexual

67
Q

Attraction to members of the same sex

A

Homosexual

68
Q

Attraction to members of both sexes

A

Bisexual

69
Q

Lack of attraction to either sex

A

Asexuality

70
Q

Studies have found that identical twins have a higher concordance for homosexuality, and fraternal twins have a higher concordance than nontwin siblings

A

Genetics

71
Q

What are some possible causes of homosexuality (and therefore heterosexuality)

A

Genetics, Prenatal hormone levels, Pheromone response, Birth order, and Neurologically,

72
Q

One study found that severe stress experienced by a pregnant woman during the second trimester of pregnancy resulted in a significantly higher chance of a male child becoming homosexual

A

Prenatal hormone levels

73
Q

Evidence with rats indicates that particular levels of prenatal hormonal exposure may influence sexual orientation. What is this an example of?

A

Prenatal hormone levels

74
Q

One study found that homosexual men and heterosexual women respond similarly (and quite differently than heterosexual men) to a testosterone-based pheromone

A

Pheromone response

75
Q

Studies suggest that the more older brothers a man has, the more likely he is to have a homosexual orientation

A

Birth Order

76
Q

A neuroimaging study with heterosexual men and women and homosexual men and women found that the heterosexual men and homosexual women seemed neurologically similar when compared to homosexual men and heterosexual women, who were in turn neurologically similar to each other

A

Neurologically

77
Q

Autopsy studies, coupled with interviews with survivors to determine the deceased’s sexual orientation, have found that the anterior hypothalamus (a part of the brain connected with sexual activity) in exclusive homosexuals is about the size of that of females, and is much smaller in comparison with the anterior hypothalamus of heterosexual males

A

Neurologically

78
Q

Most lesbians and gay men were raised by (blank), and most children raised by gay or lesbian parents become (blank); so is it likely that many gay people were born homosexual?

A
  • Heterosexual parents
  • Heterosexual
  • Yes
79
Q

Any intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation with a consenting, physically mature human partner

A

Paraphilia

80
Q

A paraphilia that causes distress or impairment

A

Paraphilic disorders

81
Q

Displaying one’s genitals to unwilling viewers; also known as flashing

A

Exhibitionism (Exhibitionistic disorder)

82
Q

Sexual arousal associated with inanimate objects or a highly specific focus on nongenital body part(s)

A

Fetishism (Fetishistic disorder)

83
Q

Viewing the genitals or sexual behavior of others without their permission; also known as “Peeping Tom”

A

Voyeurism (Voyeuristic disorder)

84
Q

Sexual arousal from suffering

A

Sexual masochism (sexual masochism disorder)

85
Q

Sexual arousal from the suffering of another person

A

Sexual sadism (Sexual sadism disorder)

86
Q

Sexual arousal from cross-dressing

A

Transvestism (Transvestic disorder)

87
Q

Sexual behavior with children (generally children age 13 or younger)

A

Pedophilia (Pedophilic disorder)

88
Q

Sexual intercourse carried out against the victim’s will, under the threat of violence or bodily injury

A

Forcible rape

89
Q

Forced intercourse that occurs in the context of a date or other voluntary encounter; also known as date rape

A

Acquaintance rape

90
Q

Rape trauma syndrome, including symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia, and disturbance to relationships and daily functioning. What are these examples of?

A

Possible results from rape

91
Q

What are some common rape myths?

A
  1. A woman who appears alone in public and dresses attractively is asking for it.
  2. When a woman says no, she really means yes.
  3. Women who are raped actually enjoy it.
  4. If a woman goes home with a man on a first date, it is only because she is interested in sex.
  5. If a woman is sexually active, she is probably lying if she says she was raped.
92
Q

Difficulty in obtaining or maintaining an erection

A

Erectile disorder

93
Q

Ejaculation either does not occur or occurs only after an extended period of sexual stimulation

A

Delayed ejaculation

94
Q

Ejaculation occurs with a minimal level of sexual stimulation, before desired, usually within one minute following vaginal penetration

A

Premature ejaculation

95
Q

Orgasm either does not occur or occurs after an extended period of sexual stimulation

A

Female orgasmic disorder

96
Q

Absent or reduced interest in sexual activity or absent or reduced arousal

A

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

97
Q

Difficulty or pain with vaginal penetration during sexual intercourse

A

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

98
Q

Deficient or absent sexual thoughts or desire

A

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

99
Q

Name some common STDs or STIs

A

Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Genital herpes, Genital warts, and AIDS

100
Q

Caused by a bacterium called a spirochete

A

Syphilis

101
Q

How many stages does Syphilis have and what are they?

A

Progresses through three stages – primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, and tertiary syphilis

102
Q

Stages of Syphilis. Fill in the blank.
1st stage-
2nd stage-
3rd stage-

A

1st- is marked by a sore called a chancre
2nd- is marked by a rash and flu-like symptoms
3rd- may be marked by paralysis or death, depending on the location of the spirochete infection

103
Q

What STD is easily treated in the first two stages with penicillin but can be fatal in the third stage

A

Syphilis

104
Q

What is the syphilis mutation?

A

Super Syphilis

105
Q

Caused by a bacterium

A

Gonorrhea

106
Q

Also called the “drip” and the “clap,” based on its discharge

A

Gonorrhea

107
Q

Can lead to infections of various organs and cause infertility if not treated; treatable with antibiotics

A

Gonorrhea

108
Q

What is the Gonorrhea mutation?

A

Super Gonorrhea

109
Q

The most common of bacterial STDs, with an estimated 10% of college students infected; aslo caused by a bacterium

A

Chlamydia

110
Q

Many are asymptomatic and therefore do not seek treatment; may cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which can result in ectopic pregnancy or infertility; treatable with antibiotics

A

Chlamydia

111
Q

Caused by a family of viruses; marked by episodes of sores and blisters

A

Genital herpes

112
Q

Called the “gift that keeps on giving” because there is no cure, although medication can help to alleviate symptoms

A

Genital herpes

113
Q

One estimate is that 20% of sexually active people age 13 and over are infected

A

Genital herpes

114
Q

Caused by a family of viruses (human papillomavirus – HPV) that causes warty growths on the genitals

A

Genital warts

115
Q

Females with HPV have an increased risk of cervical cancer; treatment involves the removal of the warty growth, although the virus may remain

A

Genital warts

116
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus);

A

AIDS

117
Q

AIDS appears to be fatal, although not everyone who is HIV+ converts to AIDS. T or F

A

True

118
Q

What is the leading cause of death among men and women between the ages of 25 and 44

A

AIDS

119
Q

Fill in the blank.
In one study of college students, (blank) of the males and (blank) of the females said
they would lie to a potential sex partner about results from an HIV blood test

A
  • 20%

- 4%

120
Q

Behaviors that increase the risk of acquiring an STD

A
  • Unprotected sex
  • Having two or more sex partners
  • Sex with someone not known well or with someone who has had several partners
  • Sex with a person who injects drugs
  • Sharing drug needles and syringes

Psychology (7 decks)

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