Chapter 10

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

The capacity to retain and retrieve information and the structures that account for this capacity

Question 2

Who is HM in scientific literature?

Answer 2

A mans whose hippocampus and amygdala were taken out to stop seizure which worked but also affected his memory

Question 3

How does reconstructing memory work?

Answer 3

When asked to remember a far away event, we often combine what we remember with pictures and other stories told to us about that event

Question 4

What is source misattribution?

Answer 4

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event else where

Question 5

What are flashbulb memories?

Answer 5

Vivid recollections of emotional and important events (accidents, starting uni, etc)

Question 6

What is confabulation?

Answer 6

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened

Question 7

What are the three circumstances that confabulation occurs?

Answer 7

1. You thought, heard, or told others about the imagined event many times (imaginative inflation)
2. The image of the event contains lots of details that make it feel real
3. The event is easy to imagine

Question 8

How can altering your words affect someone’s memory?

Answer 8

How dramatic you are with them
If you ask someone how fast they were going when they SMASHED something they will give a faster answer than if you said BUMPED

Question 9

What are the three things that affect people’s memory?

Answer 9

Leading questions
Suggestive comments
Misleading information

Question 10

What’s the difference between children’s recollection of memory and adults?

Answer 10

No difference it’s the same

Children can be accurate in what they report like adults and can distort, forget, fantasize, and be misled by adults

Question 11

What is explicit memory?

What are the two methods it’s measured by?

Answer 11

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information

Recall (retrieve the info) - fill in the blank
Recognition (identify the info)- multiple choice or true and false

Question 12

What is implicit memory?

What is it’s method?

Answer 12

Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered info on current thoughts or actions

Priming- read some info then tests later to see how it affects you

Question 13

What is the relearning method?

Answer 13

Another way to measure implicit memory that compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material

Question 14

What are the three interacting memory systems with the three box model of memory?

Answer 14

Sensory register- holds incoming sensory info for a second or two
Short term memory- holds limited amount of info for brief period of time
Long term memory- accounts for longer storage, from a few minutes to decades

Info can pass between these three

Question 15

What is the parallel distributed processing model?

Answer 15

Knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, all operating in parallel

Question 16

What is working memory?

Answer 16

A complex form of short term memory, active mental processes that control retrieval of information from long term memory and interpret it for a task

Ex: 2x(5+3)/4=4

Question 17

How do we store long term memory?

Answer 17

Using semantic categories by group words or objects into groups
And by the sounds of words

Ex: chair, couch, table belong in furniture

Question 18

What are the four types of long term memory?

Answer 18

1. Procedural memories- how to do something (comb hair)
2. Declarative memories- knowing something is true (ottawa is capital)
3. Semantic memories- internal representations of the world (facts rules concepts)
4. Episodic memories- internal representations of personally experienced events (remembering an event in the past)

Question 19

What is the serial-position effect?

Answer 19

The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass hrecall of items in the middle of the list

Question 20

What is the biology of a memory?

Answer 20

Forming a meme org has chemical and structural changes at the level of synapses
In short term- changes in neutrons affect ability to release neurotransmitters
In long term- structural changes in the brain, increases the strength of synaptic responsiveness (long term potentiation)

Question 21

What is consolidation in memory?

Answer 21

Process by which a long term memory becomes durable and relatively stable (permanent)

Question 22

What memories do the amygdala, basal ganglia, frontal lobe, prefrontal cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus store?

Answer 22

Amygdala- fearful or flashbulb
Basal ganglia- procedural memory (implicit learning)
Frontal lobe- short term and working memory
Prefrontal cortex- semantic memory (words/pics)
Cerebellum- crucial for formation of procedural memories (forms classically conditioned responses)
Hippocampus- spatial learning/memory and long term declarative memories

Question 23

What are the two hormones that can enhance memory?

Answer 23

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Question 24

What are mnemonics?

Answer 24

Strategies and tricks for improving memory such as using formulas or rhyme

Question 25

What is maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and deep encoding?

Answer 25

Maintenance- rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory Elaborative- association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable Deep encoding- the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus

Question 26

Why do we forget?

Answer 26

Forgetting is adaptive, we need to forget some things in order for us to remember efficiently

Question 27

What are the 5 reasons we forget according to science?

Answer 27

Decay (lose memory over time) Replacement- new info can come wipe out old Interference- similar items interfere with eachother in brain Cue-dependant- inability to retrieve info stored in memory because of insufficient cues for recalls Brain injury or disease

Question 28

What are the four best ways to encode?

Answer 28

Understand Elaborate Visualize Personalize

Question 29

What is proactive interference compared to retroactive interference?

Answer 29

Pro active- forgetting when previously stored material interferes with ability to remember new similar material Retroactive- forgetting when recently leanred material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously

Question 30

What is state dependant memory and mood congruent memory?

Answer 30

State dependant- tendency to remember when in same physical or mental state when you learned it Mood dependent- tendency to remember when you’re in same mood when you learned

Question 31

What is childhood amnesia?

Answer 31

The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first 2-3 years of life

Question 32

What are the three reasons Freud presenters for childhood amnesia?

Answer 32

1. Brain development- immaturity of certain brain structures (hard to focus attention, encode and remember) 2. Cognitive development- immature cognitive schemas, lack of linguistic skills and self concept 3. Social development- lack of knowledge of social conventions for encoding and reporting event

Question 33

What are memory distortions?

Answer 33

When turning a memory into a narrative, we leaves out or amplify certain details depending on our audience