Chapter 5 Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is entrainment?
It is biological rhythms that are typically synchronized with external events (temp, daylight, clock time)
What are circadian rhythms?
Biological rhythms that occur every 24 hours
Sleep-wake cycle
Associated with the rotation of the earth on its axis
What is the body’s clock?
Where is it located?
A biological clock that controls circadian rhythms
It is a tiny teardrop shaped cluster of cells in the hypothalamus called suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
What is a chronotype?
The identity of a trait you have
Ex: night owl or early bird
What causes jet lag?
Internal desynchronization
What are the five stages of sleep?
Stage 1- small and irregular brain waves (theta waves), light sleep
Stage 2- sleep spindles, brain waves slow down and get higher in amplitude
Stage 3- delta waves, very slow high peaks
Stage 4- delta waves take over, deep sleep, sleepwalking
REM- rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, very relaxed muscles
Why do we sleep?
Sleep is a time-out period
Body can eliminate waste products from muscles, repairs cells, replenish energy, or recover abilities lost during the day
What are the mental consequences of sleepiness?
Increase levels of stress hormone cortisol, which can damage brain cells necessary for learning and memory
Can also prevent cells from growing properly
Eventually leads to hallucinations and delusions
What is insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and REM sleep disorder?
Insomnia- difficulty falling or staying asleep
Sleep apnea- breathing periodically stops for a few moments causing choking or gasping
Narcolepsy- irresistible and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness, falls immediately into the REM stage of sleep
REM sleep disorder- muscle paralysis with REM does not occur so dreamer acts out their dreams
What type of sleep helps the most in memory?
REM or slow wave (stage 3 and 4) sleep helps retain memory
What is consolidation?
A process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, which makes memory more reliable
What happens when someone deprived of REM sleep over a short period finally falls asleep?
They spend more time than usual in REM and become harder to wake
What did Freud claim dreams are?
The “royal road to the unconscious” since our dreams reflect unconscious conflicts and wishes
What are the three modern theories of dreaming?
- Dreams as efforts to deal with problems
- Dreams as thinking
- Dreams as interpreted brain activity (activation synthesis theory)
What is the activation-synthesis theory?
The theory that dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain
What is hypnosis?
Procedure in which a practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviour of the participant
What are the 6 points of the nature of hypnosis?
- Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts and qualities of the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist
- Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will
- Fears performed while under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis
- Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory
- Hypnosis does not produce a literal re-experiencing of long ago events l
- Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for many medical purposes
What are the awake and drowsy sleep waves?
Awake- beta
Drowsy- alpha
What is the dissociation theory of hypnosis?
Says that hypnosis involves a split in consciousness where one part of the mind operates independently of the rest of the consciousness
What is the sociocognitive approach to hypnosis?
States that the effects of hypnosis result from an interactions between the social influence of the hypnotist and the abilities and beliefs of the subject
What is DSPD and ASPD?
DSPD- delayed sleep phase disorder (sleep and wake later than usual)
ASPD- Advanced sleep phase disorder (sleep and wake earlier than usual)
What is a psychoactive drug?
A substance that alters perception, mood, thinking, memory, or behaviour by changing the body’s biochemistry
What are the four categories most drugs are separated into?
- Stimulants speed up activity in central nervous system
- Depressants slow activity in the central nervous system
- Opiates relieve pain
- Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thought processes (perception of time and space)
What are the four effects drugs have neurotransmitters?
- Increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse
- Prevent the reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by the cells that released them
- Block the effects of a neurotransmitter on a receiving nerve cell
- Bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by a neurotransmitter
