Chapter 12

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

A process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation
Biological drives and cognitive factors contribute

Question 2

What is intrinsic motivation compared to extrinsic motivation?

Answer 2

Intrinsic- the pursuit of an activity for its own sake (runner exercising because it makes him feel good)
Extrinsic- the pursuit of an activity for external rewards, such as money or fame

Question 3

What is the set point for body shape and weight?

Answer 3

The genetically influenced weight range for an individual
Maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves and metabolism
Involved with the basal metabolism rate

Question 4

What is brown fat?

Answer 4

An energy burning type of fat that seems important in regulating body weight and blood sugar

Question 5

What is leptin and ghrelin?

Answer 5

Leptin- a protein secreted by fat cells that travels through blood to the brains hypothalamus, which regulates appetite (too little leptin tells brain you need more food)
Ghrelin- a hormone that makes you hungry or eager to eat more

Question 6

What are the 5 environmental influences on weight?

Answer 6

1. The increased abundance of fast food and processed foods
2. Widespread consumption of high sugar, high calorie soft drinks
3. The sharp decline in exercise and other expenditures of energy
4. The increased portion sizes of food and drink
5. The abundance of highly varied foods

Question 7

What is bulimia compared to anorexia?

Answer 7

Bulimia- eating disorder where they eat lots and then force vomit it out
Anorexia- eating disorder where they are fearful of being fat so they radically reduce consumption of food

Question 8

What is the set point theory?

Answer 8

Explains why thin people rarely become fat and fat people have so much trouble losing weight

Question 9

What are the two types love is broken into?

Answer 9

Passionate love- infatuation, crush, love at first sight

Companionate love- affection and trust

Question 10

What chemical in the brain has been related to love in animals and how?

Answer 10

The release of endorphins has been associated with love

When mothers touch infant it releases endorphins that soothe it

Question 11

What is the proximity effect and similarity effect?

Answer 11

Proximity- The people who are nearest to you geographically are most likely to be dearest to you too
Similarity- similarity in looks, attitudes, beliefs, etc. Is attractive to human beings (we pick those who are like us as friends and lovers)

Question 12

What is the attachment theory of love?

Answer 12

Peoples attachment styles as adults derive in large part from how their parents cared for them

Question 13

How are adult passionate love and infant mother love biologically similar?

Answer 13

Both involve the release of neurotransmitters, vasopressin and oxytocin, and endorphins that make attachment literally feel good

Question 14

Why is removing or adding testosterone or androgens not a good idea for increasing or decreasing sex drive?

Answer 14

It doesn’t make much of an impact considering there are many other influences on it and the side affects of androgen are very dangerous

Question 15

Why is sex related to love more for women than men?

Answer 15

The circuits and hormones governing sexuality and nurturance seem to overlap in women

Question 16

What is the sexiest sex organ?

Answer 16

The brain where perceptions begin

Question 17

What are the 6 major categories of motives for sex?

Answer 17

1. Pleasure
2. Intimacy
3. Insecurity- reassurance that you’re attractive
4. Partner approval
5. Peer approval
6. Attaining a goal

Question 18

What are the 3 motives for rape?

Answer 18

1. Narcissism and hostility towards women
2. A desire to dominate, humiliate, or punish the victim
3. Sadism- getting pleasure out of the pain

Question 19

What is a sexual script?

Answer 19

Set of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation (varying with age gender religion)

Question 20

How does the number of men in a society affect the overall society?

Answer 20

Little amount of men= multiple sexual partners, higher divorce rates
High amount of men= men look for wives, divorce rates drop, can cause internal disruption and extremist groups

Question 21

When are women most likely to use sex as a bargaining chip?

Answer 21

When they are financially dependant

Question 22

What is the thematic apperception test (TAT)?

Answer 22

A projective test that asks people to interpret a series of drawings showing scenes of people trying to score unconscious motives to measure strength of motives

Motivated by need for achievement

Question 23

What three conditions must be met when a goal is most likely to improve your motivation and performance?

Answer 23

1. The goal is specific
2. The goal is challenging but achievable
3. The goal is framed in terms of getting what you want rather than avoiding what you do not want

Question 24

How can expectations affect your ability to make things come true?

Answer 24

If you expect something to come true, you will see it as easier and therefore have a higher chance of doing it

Question 25

What are 7 work aspects that are likely to increase work motivation and satisfaction?

Answer 25

1. Work feels meaningful 2. Employees have lots of control 3. Tasks are varied not repetitive 4. Company has clear rules 5. Good relationships with bosses 6. Employees receive good feedback 7. Company offers opportunities for its employees

Question 26

What are the three kinds of motivational conflicts?

Answer 26

1. Approach-approach conflicts- when you are equally attracted to two or more possible activities 2. Avoidance-avoidance conflicts- choosing the lesser of two evils 3. Approach-avoidance conflicts- when a single activity or goal has a positive and a negative aspect

Question 27

Do intrinsic or extrinsic rewards make people happier?

Answer 27

Intrinsic rewards

Question 28

What are the top 4 psychological needs of humans?

Answer 28

1. Autonomy- making choices based on true interests 2. Competence- feeing able to master challenges 3. Relatedness- reeling close to others who are important to you 4. Self-esteem- having self respect

Question 29

4 motives to eat?

Answer 29

Detect internal food need Initiate and organize eating behaviour Monitor quantity and quality of food eaten Detect when sufficient food has been eaten and stop eating

Question 30

What are approach goals, avoidance goals, performance goals, and mastery (learning) goals?

Answer 30

Approach- goals framed in terms of desired outcomes or experiences, such as learning to scuba dive Avoidance- goals framed in terms of avoiding unpleasant experiences, such as trying not to look foolish in public Performance goals- concerned primarily with being judged favourably and avoiding criticism Mastery (learning) goals- concerned with increasing their competence and skills and finding intrinsic pleasure in what they are learning

Question 31

What is the self fulfilling prophecy and self-efficacy?

Answer 31

Self-fulfilling prophecy- expectations cause you to behave in ways to make the expectation come true (influences level of effort devoted to a task) Self-efficacy- level of confidence in being able to succeed