Chapter 10

Question 1

Commercial Revolution

Answer 1

A term for Western European development (starting in 1050) of a money economy centred in urban areas but affecting the countryside as well

Question 2

Guild

Answer 2

A trade organization within a city or town that controlled product quality and cost and outlines members responsibility. Guilds were also social and religious associations

Question 3

Apprentices

Answer 3

Boys (and occasionally girls) placed under tutelage of a master craftsmen in the Middle Ages. Normally unpaid they were expected to be servants of their masters, with whom they lived, at the same time as they were learning their trade

Question 4

Journeymen/women

Answer 4

Labourers in the Middle Ages whom guild masters hired for a daily wage to help them produce their products

Question 5

Masters

Answer 5

Men (and occasionally women) who have achieved their expertise in a craft , ran guilds in the Middle Ages. Had to be rich enough to have their own shop, tools and pay an entry fee into the guild. Often their positions were hereditary

Question 6

Capitalism

Answer 6

The modern economic system characterized by an entrepreneurial class of class of property owners who employ others and produce (or provide services) for a market in order to make a profit

Question 7

Commune

Answer 7

In a midivil town, a sworn association of citizens who formed a legal corporate body. The commune elected or appointed officials, made laws, kept the peace and administered justice

Question 8

Simony (SY muh nee)

Answer 8

The sin of giving gifts or paying money to get a church office

Question 9

Lay investiture

Answer 9

The installation of cleric into their offices by lay rulers

Question 10

Reconquista (ray con KEE stuh)

Answer 10

The collective name for wars waged by the Christian princes of Spain against the Muslim-ruled regions to their south. These wars were considered holy, akin to the crusades

Question 11

Gregorian Reform

Answer 11

The papal movement for church reform associated with Gregory VII (r.1073-1085); its ideals included ending three practices: the purchase of church offices, clerical marriage and lay investiture

Question 12

Investiture Conflict

Answer 12

The confrontation between the pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV that begun in 1075 over the appointment of prelates in some Italian cities that grew into a dispute over the nature of church leadership. It ended in 1122 with the Concordat or Worms

Question 13

Concordat of Worms

Answer 13

The agreement between the pope and emperor in 1122 that ended the Investiture conflict

Question 14

Sacraments

Answer 14

In the Catholic Church, the institutionalized means by which Gods heavenly grace is transmitted to Christians (examples included baptisms, the Eucharist (communion) and marriage)

Question 15

Battle of Hastings

Answer 15

the battle of 1066 that replaced the Anglo-Saxon king with a Norman one and thus tied England to the rest of Europe as never before

Question 16

Second Crusade

Answer 16

(1147-1149) Led by Leo VII of France and Conrad III in Germany (the first crusade had been led by counts and dukes) and St.Bernard. Attack of Damascus where they lost miserably and retreated

Question 17

First Crusade

Answer 17

The massive armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem that lasted from 1096-1099 resulting in the massacre of Jews in the Rhineland (1095), the sack of Jerusalem (1099) and the setting up of the crusader states

Question 18

Pope Leo IX

Answer 18

(r.1049-1054) Henry appointed a bishop from Rhineland to the papacy. Leo set out to reform the church under his own, not the emperors control

Question 19

William I

Answer 19

(1027-1087) Duke of Normandy, one of three contenders for Anglo-Saxon king Edward the confessor after he had died childless. After Harold had been appointed William prepared for battle. Became ruler of England after battle of Hastings

Question 20

Pope Gregory VII

Answer 20

(r.1073-1085) Associated with the Gregorian reform and embroiled with the Investiture conflict

Question 21

Henry IV

Answer 21

(r.1056-1106) King of Germany crowned emperor is 1084. From 1075 until death, he was embroiled in the Investiture conflict withe Pope Gregory VII

Question 22

St.Bernard

Answer 22

(c.1090-1153)The most important Cistercian abbot (early 12th century) and the chief preacher of the Second Crusade

Question 23

Alexius I (Commenus)

Answer 23

The Byzantine emperor (r. 1081-1118) whose leadership marked a new triumph of the dynatoi. His request to Pope Urban II for troops to fight the Turks turned into the first crusade

Question 24

Louis VI

Answer 24

Called Louis the Fat (r.1108-1137) was a tireless defender of royal power.

Question 25

Pope Urban II

Answer 25

The pope (r.1088-1099) responsible for calling the First Crusade in 1095

Question 26

Gratian

Answer 26

A cannon lawyer from Bologna. Made the Decretum,(1140) a massive work collecting nearly two thousand passages from the decrees and popes and councils as well as writings from church fathers. Gratian intended to demonstrate their essential agreement