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Biochemistry > Chapter 10: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbon based molecules that are rich in hydroxyl (C - OH)

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2
Q

What is linkage of carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic

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3
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of covalently linked monosaccharides

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4
Q

Monosaccharrides

A

Simplest carbohydrates
Cn(H20)n
Lowest n=3

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5
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  • major energy sources: carbohydrate oxidation
  • essential structural/ protective componets
  • cell to cell recognition signals
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6
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Dihydroxyacetone
D and L glyceraldehyde

Have 3 carbons

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7
Q

D Configuration

A

OH on right of highest numbered steric carbon

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7
Q

Mostly highly oxidized carbon is

A

C-1

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8
Q

L Configuration

A

OH on left of highest numbered steric carbon

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9
Q

In Haworth projection, D sugar CH2OH on C5

A

will be up

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10
Q

In Haworth projection, L sugar CH2OH on C5

A

will be down

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11
Q

Enantiomer

A

Nonsuperimposable mirror images

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12
Q

How to calculate streoisomer

A

of steroisomers = 2^n
n= # of chiral centers

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13
Q

Diasteroisomers

A

Isomers that are not mirror images

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14
Q

Epimers

A

Differ at only ONE carbon atom

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15
Q

Anomers

A

Isomers that differ at new asymmetric carbon after cyclization
Formation of a cyclic hemiacetal creates another
diastereoisomeric form

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16
Q

Anomeric carbon

A

Only carbon bonded to 2 oxygen atoms

17
Q

Alpha form of anomers

A

Hydroxyl of C1 (anomeric carbon) is below the plane of ring
C5 of CH2OH and C1 of OH are opposite

18
Q

Beta form of anomers

A

Hydroxyl of C1 (anomeric carbon) is above the plane of ring
C5 of CH2OH of C1 of Oh are on same side

19
Q

Cyclization

A

OH attack C=O to form ring

20
Q

Sugar alcohols (alditols)

A

carbonyl group of sugar is reduced to an alcohol (OH) group

21
Q

Deoxy sugars

A

Reduced sugars where hydrogen atom is substitued for one of hydroxyl groups

22
Q

Reducing sugars

A

Sugars that react with oxidizing agent

23
Q

Tollens reagant test

A

Used to detect presence of reducing agent
Ag(NH3)2+ used as oxidizing agent

24
Q

Nonreducing sugars

A

Sugars that do not react with oxidizing agnet

25
Q

O glycosidic bond

A

Bond formed between anomeric carbon atom of sugar and a hydroxyl group of another molecule

26
Q

N glycosidic bond

A

Bond formed between anomeric carbon of sugar and amine

27
Q

Phosphate esters

A

Intermediates in breakdown of carbohydrates to provide energy
Formed by transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to give ADP and phosphorylated sugar

28
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Contain 2 or more monosaccharides linked by O glycosidic bonds

29
Q

Glycosyltransferases

A

Catalyze formation of glycosidic bonds

30
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide
Glucose + fructose

31
Q

Lactose

A

Disaccharide
Glucose + galactose

32
Q

Maltose

A

Disaccharide
Gluocse + Glucose

33
Q

What are storage forms of glucose?

A

Glycogen and Starch

34
Q

Glycogen

A

Most units linked by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds with branches formed by alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds every 12 glucose units

35
Q

Starch

A

In plants, glucose is stored as starch
2 Forms: Amylose and Amylopectin

36
Q

Amylose

A

Fornm of starch
Linear polymer of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds

37
Q

Amylopectin

A

Form of starch
Branched polymer with alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond for every 30 alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds

38
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural componet of plants made of chains of glucose
Homopolymer of glucose units linked by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

39
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins linked to oligosaccharides

40
Q

O linked glycoproteins

A

Joined to serine or threonine in protein
Golgi apparatus

41
Q

N linked glycoproteins

A

Joined to asparagine in protein
E.R. and golgi apparatus

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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