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Biopharm Exam 2 > Chapter 10 - Compartment Models > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Compartment Models Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pharmacokinetic “compartment”

A

a group of tissues that are similar in certain characteristics (rate of blood flow, partition properties)

or specific entities - drug affinity, plasma proteins

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2
Q

a pharmacokinetic model is a_______ description of a biologic system which can be used to stimulate ________ that describe the movement of drugs in the body

A

mathematical description

rate processes

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3
Q

a pharmacokinetic model devlops mathematical equations which describe what?

A

the concentration of drug in the body

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4
Q

a pharmacokinetic model expresses a ______ relationship between various parameters

A

quantitative

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5
Q

a pharmacokinetic model predicts ___________ in the body as a function of _______

A

drug concentration in the body as a function of time

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6
Q

2 general factors to consider when compartment modeling

A

simplicity and validation

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7
Q

what is the simplest and most reasonable model

A

the 1 compartment model

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8
Q

true or false

the most complex model is proposed first

A

FALSE - the simplest and most reasonable (1 compartment)

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9
Q

in compartment modeling, we must have at least ____% accuracy

A

90%

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10
Q

the validation of compartment modeling is its goodness of fit between ____ and ____

A

experimental data and calculated values

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11
Q

the pharmacokinetics of MOST DRUGS is adequately described by what compartment model

A

ONE COMPARTMENT

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12
Q

if the proposed predicted 1 compartment model doesn’t appear adeqate, what is done next

A

the next complex model is proposed and tested

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13
Q

most drugs have ___ order in and ___ order out

A

first order

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14
Q

-by EV route, ___ almost always follows ___ order kinetics

-by constant IV infusion, the rate constant of drug input is _____

-by rapid IV bolus injection, the rate constant is _____

A

EV - Ka almost always follows 1st order kinetics (rate constant of absorption)

constant infusion - Ko (zero order rate of administration)

rapid IV bolus - NO RATE CONSTANT ASSOCIATED

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15
Q

“the removal of drug from the central compartment

A

drug output

for this discussion - only drug removed by kidneys

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16
Q

the elimination rate constant (___), almost always follows ___ order kinetics

A

Ke

1st order

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17
Q

define the central compartment

A

the compartment where the drug first appears in systemic circulation after the dose is given

typically describes the plasma + very well perfused tissues. the distribution between the plasma and these very well perfused tissues is basically instantaneous

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18
Q

what is “compartment #1”

A

the central compartmenr

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19
Q

as the kidney removes drug from the body, where is it being removed from

A

the central compartment

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20
Q

true or false

the minimum volume of the central compartment is 3L

A

TRUE

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21
Q

what is the peripheral tissue compartment

A

the SECOND compartment where the drug appears after it has already appeared in the central

compartment #2

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22
Q

a particular drug distributes into MORE THAN 1 tissue compartment

what is the peripheral tissue compartment called

A

the shallow tissue compartment

compartment #3 now comes into play – the deep tissue compartment

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23
Q

define the deep tissue compartment

A

compartment #3

the THIRD compartment where the drug may appear after it has appeared in the central compartment

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24
Q

K10 is known as a…..

A

transfer rate constant

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25
true or false IN A ONE COMPARTMENT MODEL, if the concentration of a drug decreases in the plasma due to elimination, the concentration also decreases in other tissues by the same factor
true
26
pharmacokinetic models are referred to as open or closed models? why
open models - bc the drug is removed by an excretion mechanism closed model means that the drug is not removed by excretion and stays in the body forever - this obviously doesnt apply to our body. our body is an open system bc of the excretion mechanisms
27
true or false not all pharmacokinetic models are open models
FALSE - they all are open bc all drugs given are removed by some excretion mechanism
28
true or false the half life of a drug is always constant
FALSE - ONLY if it follows 1st order kinetics - doesnt matter the route of administration, dosage form, or anything - always constant
29
true or false distribution takes a long time so it takes a while for the plasma and the tissues to reach equilibrium
FALSE - almost instantaneous and equilibrium is reached immediately their concentrations will thus be identical (between plasma and tissue)
30
blood and all other readily accessible fluids and tissues may generally be treated as a __ ___ ___ --- the central compartment
common homogenous unit
31
true or false if the Vd is 3L, we cannot necessarily conclude that there is no distribution
FALSE- we can conclude that there is no distribution into tissues. drug is only going into the 3L of plasma
32
true or false in a ONE COMPARTMENT MODEL, if a change in drug concentration occurs in the plasma, there will be PROPORTIONAL concentration changes in the other tissues/fluids that comprise the central compartment
TRUE not necessarily the exact same amount tho!! just a proportional change
33
true or false the one compartment model assumes that the concentration of a drug in each fluid/tissue is the same at any given time
FALSE
34
drugs that exhibit MULTI-COMPARTMENT pharmacokinetic model do what?
distribute into different tissues at DIFFERENT RATES
35
as mentioned, drugs that follow a multi-compartment model distribute into different tissues at different rates what is the general rule for this? which type of tissues reach equilibrium with plasma first? give examples
highly perfused tissues reach equilibrium faster than poorly perfused tissues also, particular drugs are more bound to distribute more in specific tissues highly lipid soluble drugs are prone to distribute more in adipose tissue. drugs that bind protein are bound to be concentrated in the plasma!!!!! bc when bound to protein - they can't diffuse into tissues
36
true or false drugs that bind proteins tend to be more concentrated in the tissues
FALSE - more concentrated in the plasma bc there are proteins in the plasma and the drugs bind to them to form a complex this complex cant diffuse into the tissues
37
tetracycline is an example of a drug that follows what compartment model
MULTI bc accumulates into calcium containing tissues like teeth and bone
38
true or false highly lipid soluble drugs and highly protein bound drugs follow the one compartment model
FALSE - multi distribute into certain tissues more
39
in a one compartment model, what is the volume of distribution
the central compartment
40
what is the apparent volume of distribution in a multicompartment model
the sum of all the Vd's of each compartment that the drug is distributed
41
explain what the 2 compartment model is
there is a central compartment + tissue compartment the central compartment represents the plasma + the highly perfused tissues that it quickly reaches equilibrium with the tissue compartment represents poorly perfused tissues and/or tissues that a specific drug concentrates in because of the drug's affinity for it everything is first order!
42
true or false in the 2 compartment model, drug input and drug output are irreversible
true
43
what are K12, K21, and K10
K10 - first order rate constant. elimination from the central compartment K12 - first order rate constant. transfer of drug FROM THE CENTRAL COMPARTMENT and to the tissue compartment K21 - first order rate constant. transfer of drug from the tissue compartment and into the central compartment
44
what is the 3-compartment model
the 2 compartment model + a 3rd compartment that's attached to either the central compartment of the tissue compartment the 3rd compartment represents a deep tissue compartment - a POORLY PERFUSED tissue such as fat, OR represent drug binding to tissue protein
45
the pharmacokinetics of most drugs can be explained by fitting the data either to ___ or ____ model.
1 or 2 only some drugs have 3 compartment model kinetics
46
true or false a drug distributes most rapidly to the central compartment, less rapidly to the 2nd compartment, and VERY SLOWLY to the 3rd compartment
true
47
name the 3 acceptable multicompartment models why are there 3 different ones?
catenary (not universally used) mammillary perfusion there are 3 diff ones bc the central compartment and the 2 tissue compartments may be represented in more than 1 configuration
48
this model consists of a series of compartments joined together like the compartments of a train
catenary model NOT USED bc this isnt representative of our body --- most functional organs are directly connected to the central compartment (plasma)
49
true or false in the catenary multi-compartment model, a drug can go from the central compartment directly to the deep tissue
FALSE - CANNOT has to go through shallow tissue first
50
in this multi-compartment model, every tissue is connected to the central compartment like satellites
mammillary model
51
true or false in the mammillary model, there is NO TISSUE COMPARTMENT SANDWICHED between the central compartment and any tissue compartment
TRUE all tissues are directly connected
52
FOR ALL MODELS - what does the central compartment represent
plasma + highly perfused tissues that rapidly reach equilibrium
53
true or false in the mammillary model, each tissue compartment is INDEPENDENTLY connected to the central compartment
true no compartment is sandwiched in between like in the catenary model
54
the multi-compartment model called the perfusion model also has what 2 names
the physiologic model/the blood flow model
55
the perfusion model is based on __________ data
known anatomic and physiologic data
56
drugs are carried to organs by ___ blood and leave by ____ blood
carried to organs by arterial blood and leave organs by venous blood
57
the perfusion/physiologic/blood flow model considers the fact that..... (this is a major advantage of this model)
the drug is carried by BLOOD FLOW from the site of administration to various body organs once it reaches these organs, it rapidly equilibrates with the interstitial fluid in the organ
58
in the perfusion model, what factors determine the concentration of drug in various tissues?
ALL OF THESE FACTORS CONTRIBUTE SIMULTANEOUSLY!!!! -size of the organ tissue -blood flow to the organ tissue -ratios of drug conc between tissues and blood (experimentally determined)
59
how many compartments are there in the perfusion model?
varies with the drug!!!!!! bc the only tissues that will be included are ones that have the presence of the drug or the drug penetrates them
60
what determines the number of compartments in the perfusion model
the specific drug and the specific organ tissues that it penetrates
61
which organs are generally NOT included in the perfusion model and why
the brain, bones, and other parts of the CNS bc most drugs dont really penetrate here
62

Biopharm Exam 2 (6 decks)

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