Chapter 10: Developement

Question 1

Germinal stage

Answer 1

2-week period that begins at conception; brief lifetime of zygote

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

Fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

Question 3

Embryonic stage

Answer 3

Period that lasts from 2nd week until the 8th week

Question 4

Fetal stage

Answer 4

Period that lasts from the 9th week until birth

Question 5

Myelination

Answer 5

Formulation of a fat sheath around the axons of a neuron begins

Question 6

Womb

Answer 6

Environment that affects an unborn baby in many ways

Question 7

Teratogens

Answer 7

Agents that pass from mother and impairs process of development

Question 8

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 8

Developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Question 9

Infancy

Answer 9

Birth to 18/24 months

Question 10

Motor development

Answer 10

Emergence of the ability to execute physical action

Question 11

Motor reflexes

Answer 11

Specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

Question 12

Cephalocaudal rule

Answer 12

Top to bottom rule that describes learning of motor skills (head down)

Question 13

Cognitive development

Answer 13

Emergence of the ability to think and understand

Question 14

Jean Paiget

Answer 14

Suggested 4 stages of cognitive development in children

Question 15

Sensorimotor

Answer 15

Birth-2years. Infant experiences getting used to the world and increasing dexterity

Question 16

Preoperational

Answer 16

2-6 years. Child acquires motor skills but does not understand conservation of physical properties

Question 17

Concrete operational

Answer 17

6-11 years. Child can think logically about physical objects and events and understand conservation of physical properties

Question 18

Formal operational

Answer 18

11 years +. Child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals

Question 19

Sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 years)

Answer 19

Schemas, assimilation, accommodation, object permanence

Question 20

Schemas

Answer 20

Theories about or models of the way the world works

Question 21

Assimilation

Answer 21

Process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

Question 22

Accommodation

Answer 22

Process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

Question 23

Object permanence

Answer 23

Idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

Question 24

Egocentrism

Answer 24

Failure to understand that the world appears different to different observers

Question 25

Perceptions and beliefs

Answer 25

3 year olds fail to realize that other people don’t see or know what they know

Question 26

Theory of mind

Answer 26

Understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behavior

Question 27

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 27

Believed that children develop through interactions with members of their own culture

Question 28

Vygotsky 3 skills to learn...

Answer 28

Joint attention, social referencing, imitation

Question 29

Join attention

Answer 29

Ability to focus on what another person is focused on

Question 30

Social referencing

Answer 30

Ability to use another persons reactions as information about how to think about the world

Question 31

Imitation

Answer 31

Ability to do what another person does

Question 32

Harry Harlow (monkeys)

Answer 32

Put baby monkeys with a plush mom and a wire mom, and gave wire mom food. They always try to stay with plushy soft mom. Reached over to eat from wire mom

Question 33

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 33

Imprinting

Question 34

John bowlby

Answer 34

Infants innately channel their signals to primary caregivers to form attachment

Question 35

Attachment

Answer 35

Emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers. Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

Question 36

Strange situation

Answer 36

Behavioral test developed by Mary ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style

Question 37

Temperaments

Answer 37

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

Question 38

Piaget children’s morality

Answer 38

Reclaims to relativism, prescriptions to principles, outcomes to intentions

Question 39

Kohlberg stages

Answer 39

Developed a theory of three stages in moral development

Question 40

Preconventional stage (Childhood)

Answer 40

Morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

Question 41

Conventional stage (adolescence)

Answer 41

Morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

Question 42

Postconventional stage (adults)

Answer 42

Morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

Question 43

Adolescence

Answer 43

Period of development that beings with the onset of sexual maturity (11-14) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18-21)

Question 44

Puberty

Answer 44

Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

Question 45

Adulthood

Answer 45

Stage of development that begins around 18-21 years and ends at death