chapter 10 - human development

Question 1

what is a cross sectional design

Answer 1

a research design in which different people of various ages are studied at one point in time to find age related differences

Question 2

what is a longitudinal design

Answer 2

research design in which the same people are studied over time at various ages to find age related changes

Question 3

what is a longitudinal sequential design?

Answer 3

a research design in which two or more age groups of people are studied repeatedly over time

Question 4

what is the first stage of prenatal development?

Answer 4

germinal stage

Question 5

when does the germinal stage begin/last?

Answer 5

begins at conception, lasts two weeks

Question 6

what is the second stage of prenatal development and how long does it last?

Answer 6

embryonic stage - 2-8 weeks after conception - when all major organs form

Question 7

What is the third and final stage of prenatal development and how long does it last?

Answer 7

fetal stage - begins w formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and ends at brith

Question 8

what is neural migration/when does it occur?

Answer 8

the movement of neurons from fetal brain to more permanent destination - 3-5 months of fetal stage

Question 9

developmental psychologists study changes in

Answer 9

physical, cognitive, social-emotional domains

Question 10

in the nervous system, migration leads to…

Answer 10

functionality

Question 11

what are teratogens?

Answer 11

substances that can disrupt prenatal development ex: thalidomide ex: fetal alcohol

Question 12

In teratogens, when do they typically cause the most damage?

Answer 12

earlier exposure means stronger effects, except in germinal stage when baby is not yet connected to mother

Question 13

when does vision develop

Answer 13

mostly after birth

Question 14

what is preferential looking?

Answer 14

research technique used to test an infants perceptual abilities by measuring which stimulus an infant gazes at longest

Question 15

what are the 2 major principles of early motor development?

Answer 15

1) cephalocaudal

2) proximodistal

Question 16

what is the cephalocaudal principle?

Answer 16

kids tend to gain control over their heads before their arms or feed

Question 17

what is the proximodistal principle?

Answer 17

developing begins inner and moves outward…eventually gaining control of digits, fingers

Question 18

what is a U shaped development reflex

Answer 18

refelxes that drop out after 6 weeks and return later in life as a voluntary action ex: stepping movements

Question 19

what is the habituation dishabituation paradigm

Answer 19

research method used to test babies abilities to discriminate between and new and familiar stimulus

Question 20

what is habituation

Answer 20

decrease in strength of response to a repeated stimulus

Question 21

according to piaget, what is assimilation

Answer 21

incorporate new info into existing schema - seeing world from own point of view

Question 22

according to piaget, what is accommodation?

Answer 22

changing existing schemas to incorporate new info - changing point of view

Question 23

How long is the sensorimotor stage

Answer 23

0-2 years

Question 24

what is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 24

piagets first stage when infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies

Question 25

what is object permanence and according to piaget when does it begin

Answer 25

object permanence is the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed - age 9-12 months

Question 26

What is the preoperational stage and how long does it last

Answer 26

the second major stage of cognitive development - begins with symbolic thought - age 2-7 years ex: pretend play

Question 27

what is animistic thinking?

Answer 27

thinking inanimate objects are alive

Question 28

what is egocentrism

Answer 28

tendency to view world from ones own point of view - including theory of mind

Question 29

what is theory of mind

Answer 29

ideas and knowledge about how other peoples minds work - develops age 5-6

Question 30

what is conservation?

Answer 30

ability to recognize that properties of an object stay the same when appearance is altered

Question 31

What is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 31

age 7-12, difficulty with abstract ideas (hypotheses) can solve conservational tasks, mental operations

Question 32

what is the formal operational stage?

Answer 32

age 12 and up, reasoning of abstract concepts possible

Question 33

vygotsky - what is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 33

range of tasks too difficult for a child to perform alone but possible with the help of adults/more skilled peers

Question 34

what is behavioural moral development?

Answer 34

learning through reinforcement/punishment

Question 35

what is piagets moral development?

Answer 35

a cognitive process

Question 36

what is Kohlbergs moral development?

Answer 36

mix of vygotsky and piaget

Question 37

Kohlbergs stage model consists of which 3 levels?

Answer 37

1) Preconventional 2) conventional 3) postconventional

Question 38

what is Kohlbergs preconventional stage?

Answer 38

avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards

Question 39

what is kohlbergs conventional stage?

Answer 39

person values caring, trust, relationships and the social order/lawfulness

Question 40

what is kohlbergs postconventional stage?

Answer 40

person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust local rules

Question 41

which of Kohlbergs levels has a cultural bias?

Answer 41

post conventional

Question 42

what is imprinting?

Answer 42

sudden biological primed form of attachment

Question 43

what is attachment?

Answer 43

strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers

Question 44

according to bowlby, infants show specific attachment to parents around what age?

Answer 44

7-8 months

Question 45

around 7-8 months, what anxieties do infants show?

Answer 45

separation and stranger anxiety

Question 46

what/when is a goal directed partnership?

Answer 46

3-4 years, relationship regardless of parental presence

Question 47

what are the 3 attachment patterns?

Answer 47

1) secure attachment 2) anxious resistant (insecure) 3) anxious avoidant (insecure)

Question 48

what is secure attachment?

Answer 48

infants gradually explore new situations when caregiver leaves and initiate contact when the caregiver returns after separation

Question 49

what is anxious resistant attachment?

Answer 49

infants have difficulty being comforted

Question 50

what is anxious avoidant attachment?

Answer 50

absence of stress during separation, no clear attachment

Question 51

what are the different kinds of temperament?

Answer 51

1) easy - predictable, happy, adaptable 2) difficult - unpredictable, unhappy, less adaptable 3) slow to warm up - slightly irregular, slightly strong initial responses

Question 52

what are the 4 parenting styles?

Answer 52

authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglecting

Question 53

what is the authoritative parenting style?

Answer 53

demanding but caring - best

Question 54

what is authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 54

assertion of parental power without warmth

Question 55

what is indulgent parenting style?

Answer 55

warm toward child, lax on rules

Question 56

what is neglecting parental care?

Answer 56

indifferent, uninvolved with child - worst, leads to insecure attachment

Question 57

what is adolescence?

Answer 57

transition between childhood and adulthood

Question 58

early adulthood emerges between age?

Answer 58

18-25

Question 59

middle adulthood (25-40) involves the loss of?

Answer 59

some hearing a visual abilities, sensitivity to taste and smell

Question 60

according to erikson, middle adulthood consists of

Answer 60

generativity (creating new ideas) vs stagnation

Question 61

according to erikson, emotional late adulthood consists of

Answer 61

integrity vs despair

Question 62

what are the kubler ross stages of dying?

Answer 62

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance