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Psych 1012 > chapter 10 - human development > Flashcards

chapter 10 - human development Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cross sectional design

A

a research design in which different people of various ages are studied at one point in time to find age related differences

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2
Q

what is a longitudinal design

A

research design in which the same people are studied over time at various ages to find age related changes

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3
Q

what is a longitudinal sequential design?

A

a research design in which two or more age groups of people are studied repeatedly over time

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4
Q

what is the first stage of prenatal development?

A

germinal stage

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5
Q

when does the germinal stage begin/last?

A

begins at conception, lasts two weeks

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6
Q

what is the second stage of prenatal development and how long does it last?

A

embryonic stage - 2-8 weeks after conception - when all major organs form

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7
Q

What is the third and final stage of prenatal development and how long does it last?

A

fetal stage - begins w formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and ends at brith

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8
Q

what is neural migration/when does it occur?

A

the movement of neurons from fetal brain to more permanent destination - 3-5 months of fetal stage

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9
Q

developmental psychologists study changes in

A

physical, cognitive, social-emotional domains

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10
Q

in the nervous system, migration leads to…

A

functionality

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11
Q

what are teratogens?

A

substances that can disrupt prenatal development ex: thalidomide ex: fetal alcohol

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12
Q

In teratogens, when do they typically cause the most damage?

A

earlier exposure means stronger effects, except in germinal stage when baby is not yet connected to mother

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13
Q

when does vision develop

A

mostly after birth

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14
Q

what is preferential looking?

A

research technique used to test an infants perceptual abilities by measuring which stimulus an infant gazes at longest

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15
Q

what are the 2 major principles of early motor development?

A

1) cephalocaudal

2) proximodistal

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16
Q

what is the cephalocaudal principle?

A

kids tend to gain control over their heads before their arms or feed

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17
Q

what is the proximodistal principle?

A

developing begins inner and moves outward…eventually gaining control of digits, fingers

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18
Q

what is a U shaped development reflex

A

refelxes that drop out after 6 weeks and return later in life as a voluntary action ex: stepping movements

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19
Q

what is the habituation dishabituation paradigm

A

research method used to test babies abilities to discriminate between and new and familiar stimulus

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20
Q

what is habituation

A

decrease in strength of response to a repeated stimulus

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21
Q

according to piaget, what is assimilation

A

incorporate new info into existing schema - seeing world from own point of view

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22
Q

according to piaget, what is accommodation?

A

changing existing schemas to incorporate new info - changing point of view

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23
Q

How long is the sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years

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24
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

piagets first stage when infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies

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25
Q

what is object permanence and according to piaget when does it begin

A

object permanence is the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed - age 9-12 months

26
Q

What is the preoperational stage and how long does it last

A

the second major stage of cognitive development - begins with symbolic thought - age 2-7 years ex: pretend play

27
Q

what is animistic thinking?

A

thinking inanimate objects are alive

28
Q

what is egocentrism

A

tendency to view world from ones own point of view - including theory of mind

29
Q

what is theory of mind

A

ideas and knowledge about how other peoples minds work - develops age 5-6

30
Q

what is conservation?

A

ability to recognize that properties of an object stay the same when appearance is altered

31
Q

What is the concrete operational stage?

A

age 7-12, difficulty with abstract ideas (hypotheses) can solve conservational tasks, mental operations

32
Q

what is the formal operational stage?

A

age 12 and up, reasoning of abstract concepts possible

33
Q

vygotsky - what is the zone of proximal development?

A

range of tasks too difficult for a child to perform alone but possible with the help of adults/more skilled peers

34
Q

what is behavioural moral development?

A

learning through reinforcement/punishment

35
Q

what is piagets moral development?

A

a cognitive process

36
Q

what is Kohlbergs moral development?

A

mix of vygotsky and piaget

37
Q

Kohlbergs stage model consists of which 3 levels?

A

1) Preconventional 2) conventional 3) postconventional

38
Q

what is Kohlbergs preconventional stage?

A

avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards

39
Q

what is kohlbergs conventional stage?

A

person values caring, trust, relationships and the social order/lawfulness

40
Q

what is kohlbergs postconventional stage?

A

person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust local rules

41
Q

which of Kohlbergs levels has a cultural bias?

A

post conventional

42
Q

what is imprinting?

A

sudden biological primed form of attachment

43
Q

what is attachment?

A

strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers

44
Q

according to bowlby, infants show specific attachment to parents around what age?

A

7-8 months

45
Q

around 7-8 months, what anxieties do infants show?

A

separation and stranger anxiety

46
Q

what/when is a goal directed partnership?

A

3-4 years, relationship regardless of parental presence

47
Q

what are the 3 attachment patterns?

A

1) secure attachment
2) anxious resistant (insecure)
3) anxious avoidant (insecure)

48
Q

what is secure attachment?

A

infants gradually explore new situations when caregiver leaves and initiate contact when the caregiver returns after separation

49
Q

what is anxious resistant attachment?

A

infants have difficulty being comforted

50
Q

what is anxious avoidant attachment?

A

absence of stress during separation, no clear attachment

51
Q

what are the different kinds of temperament?

A

1) easy - predictable, happy, adaptable
2) difficult - unpredictable, unhappy, less adaptable
3) slow to warm up - slightly irregular, slightly strong initial responses

52
Q

what are the 4 parenting styles?

A

authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglecting

53
Q

what is the authoritative parenting style?

A

demanding but caring - best

54
Q

what is authoritarian parenting style?

A

assertion of parental power without warmth

55
Q

what is indulgent parenting style?

A

warm toward child, lax on rules

56
Q

what is neglecting parental care?

A

indifferent, uninvolved with child - worst, leads to insecure attachment

57
Q

what is adolescence?

A

transition between childhood and adulthood

58
Q

early adulthood emerges between age?

A

18-25

59
Q

middle adulthood (25-40) involves the loss of?

A

some hearing a visual abilities, sensitivity to taste and smell

60
Q

according to erikson, middle adulthood consists of

A

generativity (creating new ideas) vs stagnation

61
Q

according to erikson, emotional late adulthood consists of

A

integrity vs despair

62
Q

what are the kubler ross stages of dying?

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Psych 1012 (9 decks)

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