final - History of Psychology

Question 1

what is Animism?

Answer 1

the belief that non-human entities—such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence.

Question 2

the birth of science can be attributed to?

Answer 2

the ancient greeks

Question 3

what is a naturalistic view?

Answer 3

Ancient Greeks - physical principles can explain all life (elements)

Question 4

what is the Biological view?

Answer 4

Hippocrates - centrality of brain, theory of humours, holistic approach

Question 5

what did the ancient greeks contribute to psychological thought?

Answer 5

mathematical view (Pythagoras - reason leads to knowledge) and Humanism (Socrates)

Question 6

what is Humanism?

Answer 6

focus on reason, language, self reflection - “know thyself”

Question 7

what are the major differences between Plato and Aristotle?

Answer 7

Plato: math, reason, doubted sensation reasoning**
Aristotle: empirical study (Empiricism = idea that thought/knowledge comes from experience), natural explanations, little value for math **experience*

Question 8

what are Arostotle’s (experience) ideas?

Answer 8

1) Hierarchy of souls - vegetative, sensitive, rational
2) Scala Naturae - chain of being
3) Memory and recall - laws of association (similarity, contrast, frequency)
4) Imagination and dreaming
5) sensation and thinking

Question 9

How is Christianity related to the ancient greeks?

Answer 9

Faith was considered more so than reason

Question 10

how is the crusades related to ancient greeks (1095-1291)?

Answer 10

Aristotle was rediscovered (experience), Christianity sought to reconcile

Question 11

what is the renaissance (1450 - 1600)?

Answer 11

Human centred - art and beauty

persecutions - witch hunts, mistreatment of mentally ill

Question 12

what is empiricism

Answer 12

the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience - Locke (1632-1704) - simple to complex ideas - views of child rearing

Question 13

what is rationalism?

Answer 13

view that “regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge” -Descartes (1596-1650) - doubt, dualism

Question 14

what did darwin do for psychology?

Answer 14

evolution by NS, functional view (purpose), comparitive view (Humans are not unique), Developmental view

Question 15

what are the negatives of Galtons work in psychology?

Answer 15

individual differences (intelligence testing), hereditary genius, eugenics

Question 16

what is trephination?

Answer 16

surgical intervention where a hole is drilled, incised or scraped into the skull using simple surgical tools - method of treating mental illness

Question 17

who is credited with moral treatment of mentally ill?

Answer 17

Willliam Tuke’s, Philoppe Pinel, Dorothea Dix

Question 18

what is the importance of Emil Kraepelin?

Answer 18

he opposed Freud, looked at psychiatry as a branch of medicine, distinguished manic depressive psychosis, dementia, schizophrenia - eugenic views - modern psychology

Question 19

what is a lobotomy?

Answer 19

neurosurgical operation that involves severing connections in the brain’s prefrontal lobe

Question 20

what is seat of soul?

Answer 20

heart: Aristotle
Brain: Plato

Question 21

what is the importance of Galen?

Answer 21

manipulated animal brains, disected apes and treated gladiators

Question 22

what is phrenology?

Answer 22

The study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character - Franz Joseph Gall, Johann Kaspar Spurzheim

Question 23

what is ablation?

Answer 23

removing parts of brain to see how it affects one - ie pigeons w Pierre Flourens

Question 24

who is credited with psychophysics and what was their work?

Answer 24

• Ernst Weber - quantifying the perception of change in a given stimulus
• Theodor Fechner - extended webers law
• Herman von Helmholtz - trichomatic theory of vision, nerve impulses, sensation vs perception

Question 25

what is psychophysics?

Answer 25

study of the relationship between stimuli (specified in physical terms) and the sensations and perceptions evoked by these stimuli

Question 26

Who founded psychology?

Answer 26

Wilhelm Wundt - research and teaching lab | William James - principles of psychology

Question 27

what is voluntarism?

Answer 27

an early school of psychology; Wundt - introspection (looking into ones own mind), organization of mind, "the process of organizing the mind"

Question 28

what is structuralism?

Answer 28

an early school of psychology; Titchener - breaking down experience into elements is best way to understand thought and behaviour

Question 29

what is Functionalism?

Answer 29

an early school of thought; James - thought it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts - related to Darwin's adaptation and function

Question 30

what is psychoanalysis?

Answer 30

Sigmund Freud - the role of unconscious, Id, ego, superego - clinical based,, assuming unconscious is most powerful force behind thought and behaviour

Question 31

what is Carl Jung's importance in psychoanalysis?

Answer 31

looked at extraversion and introversion, archetypes - red book

Question 32

what did alfred adler contribute to psychoanalysis?

Answer 32

inferiority complex - a lack of self-worth, a doubt and uncertainty, and feelings of not measuring up to standards

Question 33

what did Karen Horney contribute to psychoanalysis?

Answer 33

interpersonal relations (toward, away, against)

Question 34

what is behaviourism and who is credited with major work in it

Answer 34

a school of psychology, proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it looks at observable behaviour - not ideas, thoughts, feelings or motives - Pavlov and Watson, Skinner

Question 35

what is cognitive theory and who is credited with it

Answer 35

Edward Tolman (1886-1959) - the study of how people perceive, remember, think, problem solve, speak

Question 36

what is neuropsychology and who is credited with it?

Answer 36

Hebb (1904-1985) - looking at cellular structures and how learning changes them - how the brain and the rest of the nervous system influence a person's cognition and behaviors

Question 37

what is Gestalt psychology and why is it important?

Answer 37

the idea that maintains that we perceive things as whole rather than as a compilation of parts - looking at perception, conformity (solomon asch), obedience to authority (stanley milgram)

Question 38

what is the cognitive revolution and who is credited with it

Answer 38

an intellectual movement in the 1950s that began what are known collectively as the cognitive sciences. It began in the modern context of greater interdisciplinary communication and research - Chomsky - critique of Skinner's verbal behaviour

Question 39

what is constructivism?

Answer 39

theory of knowledge that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas - Ebbinghaus forgetting curve - Carmichael, Hogen and Walter (1932) - part of the cognitive revolution

Question 40

what is Bartlett's (1932) contribution to the cognitive revolution?

Answer 40

war of the ghosts - memory is process of active construction (different pictures of cats)

Question 41

what is computational metaphor?

Answer 41

``` part of the cognitive revolution; - Behaviourist model (study only observable behaviour): stimulus -> black box -> response Cognitive model (can scientifically study internal behaviour): Input -> mediational process -> output ```

Question 42

what is humanistic psychology?

Answer 42

theory that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential - Maslow's Hierarchy (1908-1970) - a revolt against psychoanalysis and behaviourism

Question 43

what is Carl Rogers (1902-1987) role in humanistic psychology?

Answer 43

unconditional positive regard, group theory

Question 44

who is credited with what we have learned about development?

Answer 44

``` G. Stanley Hall - recapitulationism (1846-1924) Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) Erik Erikson (1902-1994) ```

Question 45

where do we see the future of psychology?

Answer 45

Neuroscience, clinical practice, technology

Question 46

what did Fritsch and Hitzig do?

Answer 46

electrically stimulated the brains of dogs

Question 47

what is the importance of Gall and Spurzheim's approach?

Answer 47

it gave acceptance to the idea of localization of brain function