chapter 10 - intelligence

Question 1

define intelligence

Answer 1

the ability to learn, to meet the demands of the environment, and to understand/control mental activities

Question 2

define metacognition

Answer 2

ability to understand and control ones own mental processes (thinking about thinking)

Question 3

what is factor analysis? what is s factor and g factor?

Answer 3

the statistical method for determining if items on a test correlate highly

g factor: general factor of intelligence underlying ALL distinct factors of mental abilities

s factor: specific factor uniquely tied to a distinct ability or area of function

(there are multiple s factors within a g factor)

Question 4

what are the 7 primary mental abilities that Thurstone identified as the basic components of intelligence?

Answer 4

1. verbal comprehension
2. word fluency
3. numeral skill
4. spacial ability
5. associative memory
6. perceptual speed
7. reasoning

(both g and s factor)

Question 5

what is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 5

the idea that there is no single unified intelligence, but several independent intelligences arising from different parts of the brain

Question 6

what did Gardner believe were the 9 basic intelligences?

Answer 6

1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematical
3. musical
4. spacial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalistic
9. existentialist

Question 7

what are the three components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

Answer 7

1. internal (analytic)
2. external (creative)
3. experiential (practical)

Question 8

what is the internal (analytic) component?

Answer 8

internal info-processing, acquiring info, planning, monitoring, and evaluating problems, and following directions (IQ tests)

Question 9

what is the external (creative) component?

Answer 9

ability to think creatively and in novel circumstances or about novel ideas (ignored by IQ tests)

Question 10

what is the experiential (practical) component?

Answer 10

the ability to adapt/improve ones environments, or to select new ones

Question 11

what is the hierarchal model of intelligence?

Answer 11

general abilities -> specific abilities -> more specific behaviors associated

Question 12

describe Cici’s bioecological model of intelligence?

Answer 12

he believed intelligence is a function of interactions among innate potential abilities, environmental context, and internal motivation

(development depends on interaction with the environment)

Question 13

what is the psychometric approach to measuring intelligence?

Answer 13

it measures intelligence with psychological tests and searches for individual differences

Question 14

what is reliability?

Answer 14

the degree to which tests produce the same scores over time

Question 15

what is test-retest reliability?

Answer 15

does an individual get the same scores after taking the test multiple times?

Question 16

what is split-half reliability?

Answer 16

if you divide items on one test into two, are the results of both tests relatively the same?

Question 17

what is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 17

do different scorers give the same test the same score?

Question 18

what is validity?

Answer 18

the extent to which a test accurately predicts what it is supposed to predict

Question 19

what is content validity?

Answer 19

if the content of the test represents what it is intended to

Question 20

what is a validity coefficient?

Answer 20

measures validity by correlating test scores with some external criterion

Question 21

what is predictive validity?

Answer 21

extent to which a test predicts things it is supposed to

Question 21

can a test be reliable without being valid?

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

can a test be valid without being reliable?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

what is the mean, median and mode?

Answer 23

mean: the average score
median: the middle point
mode: occurs most frequently

(all the same in a normal distribution)

Question 24

what was the original purpose of the Binet Simon Intelligence tests?

Answer 24

it was a placement test for schools, and scores were given in "mental age"

Question 25

what was Galton's theory of psychophysical performance?

Answer 25

he believed that some people were more intelligent than others due to increased psychic energy (mental/psychological), and heightened sensitivity to stimuli

Question 26

what did Terman do with the Binet Simon intelligence test?

Answer 26

he brought it into the USA, and adapted it to yield an intelligence quotent

Question 27

what is an intelligence quotent?

Answer 27

a measure of intelligence, ratio of mental age to chronological age x 100

Question 28

what was the problem with IQ tests in regards to the eugenics movement?

Answer 28

Terman believed his IQ tests could determine individuals "fitness" to reproduce

Question 29

how did Wechsler change IQ tests to make them more fair?

Answer 29

He developed less verbal tests to be more fair for non-English speakers, and replaced IQ with a standardized score

Question 30

what are the three tests Wechsler created?

Answer 30

WAIS: wechsler adult intelligence scale WPPSI: wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence WISC: wechsler intelligence scale for children

Question 31

what is a stereotype threat?

Answer 31

poor performance due to fear of conforming to stereotypes

Question 32

what is the Flynn effect?

Answer 32

the observed rise in IQ scores in the world over time

Question 33

what are some possible reasons for the Flynn effect?

Answer 33

more test familiarity, improvements in education and nutrition, reduction in disease, more stimulating environments

Question 34

why is evolution NOT an explanation for the Flynn effect?

Answer 34

because these changes are happening too fast to be considered a result of human evolution

Question 35

define emotional intelligence

Answer 35

the ability to perceive, express, assimilate and regulate emotion

Question 36

what are the four main branches of emotional intelligence according to the Multi Factor Emotional Intelligence Scale?

Answer 36

perceiving, facilitating, understanding, and managing emotion

Question 37

define social intelligence

Answer 37

the ability to get along with others

Question 38

define wisdom

Answer 38

ability to make sound judgements and choose the best course of action - associated with life experience, not always age

Question 39

define creativity

Answer 39

ability to produce ideas both original and valuable

Question 40

what is convergent/divergent thinking?

Answer 40

convergent: focuses on reaching one defined solution divergent: many innovative solutions to a problem

Question 41

define heritability

Answer 41

the extent to which differences among people/groups are due to genetics

Question 42

what is a heritability coefficient?

Answer 42

it is used to indicate the contribution of heredity to some characteristic (for intelligence = 0.50)

Question 43

what is reaction range?

Answer 43

upper/lower levels of intelligence or other outcomes made possible by genetic nature (genes set limits for intelligence)