chapter 16 - treatment of psychological disorders

Question 1

define treatment or therapy

Answer 1

systematic procedures designed to change abnormal behaviour into more normal behaviour

Question 2

what are the three essential features of therapy?

Answer 2

1. a sufferer
2. a healer
3. a series of contacts between the sufferer and healer

Question 3

define psychotherapy

Answer 3

when the client and therapist use words and acts to overcome psychological difficulties (talk therapy)

Question 4

define biological therapy

Answer 4

the use of physical and chemical procedures to overcome psychological difficulties

Question 5

what is the main reason that people don’t seek treatment?

Answer 5

stigma

Question 6

what are the two most common disorders that people have when seeking therapy?

Answer 6

anxiety and depression

Question 7

in what three ways can people enter treatment?

Answer 7

1. on their own
2. by suggestion
3. by force

Question 8

who can conduct treatment? (4)

Answer 8

1. psychologists (CANT prescribe meds)
2. psychiatrists (CAN prescribe meds)
3. counsellors (can be anyone)
4. psychiatric social workers

Question 9

what are the three therapy settings?

Answer 9

1. public institutions
2. schools
3. private offices

Question 10

what is the “revolving door” in terms of the deinstitutionalization movement?

Answer 10

a cycle in which a person enters treatment, is discharged, and relapses due to difficulties integrating into society, and ending up back in an institution

Question 11

what are the three types of biological treatments?

Answer 11

1. drug therapy
2. electroconvulsive therapy
3. psychosurgery

Question 12

what are psychotropic drugs?

Answer 12

medications that act primarily on the brain, used to reduce symptoms of psychological disorders

Question 13

what are the three types of classic antipsychotic drugs?

Answer 13

1. chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
2. thioridazine (Mellaril)
3. haloperidol (Haldol)

Question 14

what do the classic antipsychotic drugs do? how do they work?

Answer 14

they reduce dopamine, which would reduce positive symptoms but do nothing to reduce negative symptoms

Question 15

what are the three types of atypical antipsychotic drugs?

Answer 15

1. clozapine (Clozaril)
2. risperidone (Risperdal)
3. olanzapine (Zyprexa)

Question 16

what do atypical antipsychotic drugs do? how do they work?

Answer 16

they affect both dopamine and serotonin, they can help with some negative symptoms (help those classics don’t work for)

Question 17

what type of antipsychotic drugs are typically tried first?

Answer 17

atypical antipsychotics

Question 18

what are the three main side effects of classical antipsychotics?

Answer 18

1. movement abnormalities (shaking)
2. Parkinson-like symptoms (tremors)
3. tardive dyskinesia (tics)

Question 19

what are the main symptoms of atypical antipsychotics?

Answer 19

1. less movement abnormalities
2. lower white blood cells (clozapine only)
3. increase risk of obesity
4. increase risk of diabetes

Question 20

what hormones/neurotransmitters are affected by antidepressants?

Answer 20

serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 21

what are the types of antidepressants?

Answer 21

1. tricyclics (block reuptake of serotonin/norepinephrine)
2. MAOIs (prevent breakdown of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine)
3. SSRIs (block reuptake of serotonin)
4. SNRIs (block reuptake of serotonin/norepinephrine)

Question 22

what are the different side effects of tricyclics, SSRIs and SNRIs?

Answer 22

tricyclics: tremors, confusion, heart arrythmias, confusion

SSRIS: increased suicide risk for first two months

SNRIs: increased risk of diabetes and heart problems

Question 23

why is ketamine a controversial drug?

Answer 23

it takes effect very quickly, but can cause neurotoxicity and addiction (only useful in short-term usage)

Question 24

what is the most common mood stabilizer? what are the side effects?

Answer 24

lithium!

thyroid/kidney disease, memory loss, heart arrythmia, loss of bladder/bowel control

Question 25

what is the most common alternative for lithium?

Answer 25

valproate (much less side effects)

Question 26

what is the most common type of antianxiety drugs? what are the problems with it?

Answer 26

benzodiazepines! can create dependency, can relax your brain so much that you can forget to breathe

Question 27

what are the most popular types of benzodiazepines?

Answer 27

Xanax, Ativan, and Valium

Question 28

what is a placebo?

Answer 28

an inactive substance that mimics a drug

Question 29

what is electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer 29

use of electric shock to trigger brain seizures in hopes of relieving abnormal functioning

Question 30

what is vagus nerve stimulation?

Answer 30

an implanted device sends electrical signals to the brain via the vagus nerve

Question 31

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Answer 31

electromagnetic coil placed on/above the head sends a current into the prefrontal cortex

Question 32

what is trephining?

Answer 32

chipping hole into the skull as a treatment for various brain conditions

Question 33

what is a lobotomy?

Answer 33

cutting the connections between the frontal lobe and the lower centers of the brain

Question 34

what is deep brain stimulation?

Answer 34

implanted electrodes deliver stimulation to areas of the brain (Parkinson's example)

Question 35

what is the free association technique in psychodynamic therapy?

Answer 35

allowing clients to freely talk about whatever they want, uncensored, as the therapist looks for clues to unconscious issues

Question 36

what do psychodynamic theorists believe are the cause of disorders?

Answer 36

past traumatic events and inner conflicts

Question 37

what is the therapist interpretation technique?

Answer 37

therapists share their interpretations of a clients associations (when they're ready)

Question 38

what is resistance in terms of therapy?

Answer 38

a client encounter blocks in their free association to avoid painful topics

Question 39

what is transference in terms of therapy?

Answer 39

a client acts toward the therapist as they have toward important figures in their childhood

Question 40

what is manifest content vs latent content?

Answer 40

manifest: what actually happened in the dream latent: what the dream really means

Question 41

what is catharsis?

Answer 41

reliving past repressed feelings as a means of settling internal conflicts and overcoming problems

Question 42

what is working through?

Answer 42

repeated examination to improve clarity of a situation

Question 43

what is relational psychoanalytic therapy?

Answer 43

holds that therapists should form equal relationships with their clients (self disclosure about reactions to client)

Question 44

what is the behavioural therapy perspective on why disorders are formed?

Answer 44

they are acquired in the same way as normal behaviours are, and can be changed in those same ways

Question 45

what is systematic desensitization?

Answer 45

learns relaxation techniques, builds fear hierarchy, and is guided through exposure while practicing relaxation (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING)

Question 46

what is aversion therapy?

Answer 46

help clients acquire anxiety responses to stimuli that are too attractive to them

Question 47

what is token economy?

Answer 47

participants receive tokens (that can be traded for rewards) when displaying desired behaviours

Question 48

what is social skills training?

Answer 48

therapists serve as models and teachers to help clients acquire desired social behaviours

Question 49

what is Ellis's rational emotive behavioural therapy?

Answer 49

designed to help clients discover and change the irrational assumptions that govern emotions, behaviours, and thinking

Question 50

what is cognitive restructuring?

Answer 50

clients learn to replace negative interpretations with more positive ones

Question 51

what is Beck's cognitive therapy?

Answer 51

helps clients recognize and change dysfunctional thoughts

Question 52

what is the purpose of second-wave cognitive behavioural therapies?

Answer 52

recognize problematic thoughts as just thoughts, teaching clients to accept thoughts rather than eliminating them

Question 53

what is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

Answer 53

clients learn to become mindful of their streams of thought and accept them

Question 54

what is Rogers's client-centered therapy?

Answer 54

help clients experience unconditional positive regard for themselves

Question 55

what are the three qualities a therapist must show according to Rogers?

Answer 55

1. unconditional positive regard 2. accurate empathy 3. genuineness

Question 56

what is Gestalt therapy?

Answer 56

tries to help the client toward accepting and accurate self-views by challenging and frustrating the client

Question 57

what is skillful frustration?

Answer 57

help clients see how manipulative they are by refusing to meet their needs or demands

Question 58

what is role playing?

Answer 58

having clients act out various roles

Question 59

what is the goal of existential therapy?

Answer 59

to help clients take responsibility for their lives, help them realize that they have freedom to choose their paths

Question 60

what is the main focus of couples therapy or relationship counselling?

Answer 60

structure and communication patterns in the relationship

Question 61

what is primary prevention?

Answer 61

efforts to improve community functioning and policies

Question 62

what is secondary prevention?

Answer 62

treating disorders in early stages before they reach serious levels

Question 63

what is tertiary prevention?

Answer 63

providing treatment so that moderate/severe disorders don't become chronic problems

Question 64

what are the most effective therapies for phobias?

Answer 64

behavioural therapies

Question 65

what are the most effective therapies for anxiety disorders/depression/panic disorders?

Answer 65

cognitive-behavioural therapies

Question 66

what is the most effective type of therapy for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders?

Answer 66

drug therapy