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PSYC 1104 > chapter 16 - treatment of psychological disorders > Flashcards

chapter 16 - treatment of psychological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

define treatment or therapy

A

systematic procedures designed to change abnormal behaviour into more normal behaviour

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2
Q

what are the three essential features of therapy?

A
  1. a sufferer
  2. a healer
  3. a series of contacts between the sufferer and healer
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3
Q

define psychotherapy

A

when the client and therapist use words and acts to overcome psychological difficulties (talk therapy)

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4
Q

define biological therapy

A

the use of physical and chemical procedures to overcome psychological difficulties

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5
Q

what is the main reason that people don’t seek treatment?

A

stigma

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6
Q

what are the two most common disorders that people have when seeking therapy?

A

anxiety and depression

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7
Q

in what three ways can people enter treatment?

A
  1. on their own
  2. by suggestion
  3. by force
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8
Q

who can conduct treatment? (4)

A
  1. psychologists (CANT prescribe meds)
  2. psychiatrists (CAN prescribe meds)
  3. counsellors (can be anyone)
  4. psychiatric social workers
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9
Q

what are the three therapy settings?

A
  1. public institutions
  2. schools
  3. private offices
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10
Q

what is the “revolving door” in terms of the deinstitutionalization movement?

A

a cycle in which a person enters treatment, is discharged, and relapses due to difficulties integrating into society, and ending up back in an institution

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11
Q

what are the three types of biological treatments?

A
  1. drug therapy
  2. electroconvulsive therapy
  3. psychosurgery
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12
Q

what are psychotropic drugs?

A

medications that act primarily on the brain, used to reduce symptoms of psychological disorders

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13
Q

what are the three types of classic antipsychotic drugs?

A
  1. chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
  2. thioridazine (Mellaril)
  3. haloperidol (Haldol)
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14
Q

what do the classic antipsychotic drugs do? how do they work?

A

they reduce dopamine, which would reduce positive symptoms but do nothing to reduce negative symptoms

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15
Q

what are the three types of atypical antipsychotic drugs?

A
  1. clozapine (Clozaril)
  2. risperidone (Risperdal)
  3. olanzapine (Zyprexa)
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16
Q

what do atypical antipsychotic drugs do? how do they work?

A

they affect both dopamine and serotonin, they can help with some negative symptoms (help those classics don’t work for)

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17
Q

what type of antipsychotic drugs are typically tried first?

A

atypical antipsychotics

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18
Q

what are the three main side effects of classical antipsychotics?

A
  1. movement abnormalities (shaking)
  2. Parkinson-like symptoms (tremors)
  3. tardive dyskinesia (tics)
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19
Q

what are the main symptoms of atypical antipsychotics?

A
  1. less movement abnormalities
  2. lower white blood cells (clozapine only)
  3. increase risk of obesity
  4. increase risk of diabetes
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20
Q

what hormones/neurotransmitters are affected by antidepressants?

A

serotonin and norepinephrine

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21
Q

what are the types of antidepressants?

A
  1. tricyclics (block reuptake of serotonin/norepinephrine)
  2. MAOIs (prevent breakdown of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine)
  3. SSRIs (block reuptake of serotonin)
  4. SNRIs (block reuptake of serotonin/norepinephrine)
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22
Q

what are the different side effects of tricyclics, SSRIs and SNRIs?

A

tricyclics: tremors, confusion, heart arrythmias, confusion

SSRIS: increased suicide risk for first two months

SNRIs: increased risk of diabetes and heart problems

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23
Q

why is ketamine a controversial drug?

A

it takes effect very quickly, but can cause neurotoxicity and addiction (only useful in short-term usage)

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24
Q

what is the most common mood stabilizer? what are the side effects?

A

lithium!

thyroid/kidney disease, memory loss, heart arrythmia, loss of bladder/bowel control

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25
Q

what is the most common alternative for lithium?

A

valproate (much less side effects)

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26
Q

what is the most common type of antianxiety drugs? what are the problems with it?

A

benzodiazepines!

can create dependency, can relax your brain so much that you can forget to breathe

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27
Q

what are the most popular types of benzodiazepines?

A

Xanax, Ativan, and Valium

28
Q

what is a placebo?

A

an inactive substance that mimics a drug

29
Q

what is electroconvulsive therapy?

A

use of electric shock to trigger brain seizures in hopes of relieving abnormal functioning

30
Q

what is vagus nerve stimulation?

A

an implanted device sends electrical signals to the brain via the vagus nerve

31
Q

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

electromagnetic coil placed on/above the head sends a current into the prefrontal cortex

32
Q

what is trephining?

A

chipping hole into the skull as a treatment for various brain conditions

33
Q

what is a lobotomy?

A

cutting the connections between the frontal lobe and the lower centers of the brain

34
Q

what is deep brain stimulation?

A

implanted electrodes deliver stimulation to areas of the brain (Parkinson’s example)

35
Q

what is the free association technique in psychodynamic therapy?

A

allowing clients to freely talk about whatever they want, uncensored, as the therapist looks for clues to unconscious issues

36
Q

what do psychodynamic theorists believe are the cause of disorders?

A

past traumatic events and inner conflicts

37
Q

what is the therapist interpretation technique?

A

therapists share their interpretations of a clients associations (when they’re ready)

38
Q

what is resistance in terms of therapy?

A

a client encounter blocks in their free association to avoid painful topics

39
Q

what is transference in terms of therapy?

A

a client acts toward the therapist as they have toward important figures in their childhood

40
Q

what is manifest content vs latent content?

A

manifest: what actually happened in the dream
latent: what the dream really means

41
Q

what is catharsis?

A

reliving past repressed feelings as a means of settling internal conflicts and overcoming problems

42
Q

what is working through?

A

repeated examination to improve clarity of a situation

43
Q

what is relational psychoanalytic therapy?

A

holds that therapists should form equal relationships with their clients (self disclosure about reactions to client)

44
Q

what is the behavioural therapy perspective on why disorders are formed?

A

they are acquired in the same way as normal behaviours are, and can be changed in those same ways

45
Q

what is systematic desensitization?

A

learns relaxation techniques, builds fear hierarchy, and is guided through exposure while practicing relaxation (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING)

46
Q

what is aversion therapy?

A

help clients acquire anxiety responses to stimuli that are too attractive to them

47
Q

what is token economy?

A

participants receive tokens (that can be traded for rewards) when displaying desired behaviours

48
Q

what is social skills training?

A

therapists serve as models and teachers to help clients acquire desired social behaviours

49
Q

what is Ellis’s rational emotive behavioural therapy?

A

designed to help clients discover and change the irrational assumptions that govern emotions, behaviours, and thinking

50
Q

what is cognitive restructuring?

A

clients learn to replace negative interpretations with more positive ones

51
Q

what is Beck’s cognitive therapy?

A

helps clients recognize and change dysfunctional thoughts

52
Q

what is the purpose of second-wave cognitive behavioural therapies?

A

recognize problematic thoughts as just thoughts, teaching clients to accept thoughts rather than eliminating them

53
Q

what is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

A

clients learn to become mindful of their streams of thought and accept them

54
Q

what is Rogers’s client-centered therapy?

A

help clients experience unconditional positive regard for themselves

55
Q

what are the three qualities a therapist must show according to Rogers?

A
  1. unconditional positive regard
  2. accurate empathy
  3. genuineness
56
Q

what is Gestalt therapy?

A

tries to help the client toward accepting and accurate self-views by challenging and frustrating the client

57
Q

what is skillful frustration?

A

help clients see how manipulative they are by refusing to meet their needs or demands

58
Q

what is role playing?

A

having clients act out various roles

59
Q

what is the goal of existential therapy?

A

to help clients take responsibility for their lives, help them realize that they have freedom to choose their paths

60
Q

what is the main focus of couples therapy or relationship counselling?

A

structure and communication patterns in the relationship

61
Q

what is primary prevention?

A

efforts to improve community functioning and policies

62
Q

what is secondary prevention?

A

treating disorders in early stages before they reach serious levels

63
Q

what is tertiary prevention?

A

providing treatment so that moderate/severe disorders don’t become chronic problems

64
Q

what are the most effective therapies for phobias?

A

behavioural therapies

65
Q

what are the most effective therapies for anxiety disorders/depression/panic disorders?

A

cognitive-behavioural therapies

66
Q

what is the most effective type of therapy for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders?

A

drug therapy

PSYC 1104 (7 decks)

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