Chapter 10 - Mating Systems

Question 1

Males that mate with multiple females are called _______.

Answer 1

polygynous

Question 2

monogamous refers to mating with _______ (per nesting attempt)

Answer 2

just one mate

Question 3

green catbirds practice _________ for a given breeding season and rear offspring together

Answer 3

monogamy

Question 4

what is polyandrous behavior?

Answer 4

one female copulating with multiple males in a breeding season

Question 5

When females of a given species are polyandrous, males tend to be ________.

Answer 5

monogamous

Question 6

polygynandry refers to what type of mating behavior?

Answer 6

a mating system in which both males and females have several partners with whom they form a pair-bonds

Question 7

when matings are seemingly random and there is no association between mates it is referred to as a ___________ type mating system

Answer 7

promiscuity

Question 8

the key feature of mating systems is: ___________

Answer 8

number of mates that males and females have

Question 9

mating systems are (pick one: stable or varied) among populations of the same species

Answer 9

varied

Question 10

Emlen and Oring developed a ____________ framework to explain the emergence of different animal mating systems.

Answer 10

socio-ecological framework

Question 11

the socio-ecological framework created by emlen and Oring builds on principles from what theory?

Answer 11

sexual selection theory

Question 12

the sex that invests more in reproduction is typically ______ which distribute themselves in ways that ________ their ability to obtain ______

Answer 12

1) female
2) maximize
3) resources

Question 13

Members of the limited sex (males) should attempt to _________ __________ to members of the limiting sex. This is done by _________ __________.

Answer 13

1) control access

2) regulating resources

Question 14

spatial dispersion of food/other resources and temporal availability of mates influences what?

Answer 14

ability to regulate resources

Question 15

type of mating system that will evolve if males can monopolize access to females?

Type of mating system that will evolve if females can monopolize access to males?

Answer 15

1) polygyny

2) polyandry

Question 16

What type of mating system evolves if neither males nor females can monopolize members of the opposite sex or resources?

Answer 16

monogamy

Question 17

When resources are unnecessary for breeding or parenting _______ mating systems can evolve

Answer 17

promiscuity

Question 18

when resources/access to mates leave neither males nor females able to gain any advantage over the other, this type of mating system evolves

Answer 18

polygynandry

Question 19

form of mating system that evolves depends primarily on what two factors?

Answer 19

which sex is limiting and the degree to which the other sex controls resource access or a monopolization of mates

Question 20

Approximately _____ % of mammals are monogamous; _____ % of bird species appear monogamous (but may not actually be..)

Answer 20

1) 5%

2) 90%

Question 21

Social monogamy (=/does not =) genetic monogamy

Answer 21

does not =

Question 22

What is social monogamy?

Answer 22

a form of monogamy in which a male and female form a pair-bond but one or both sexes also may mate outside of the pair-bond (think open marriage among birds/other species)

Question 23

What is genetic monogamy?

Answer 23

a form of monogamy in which a male and female form a pair-bond and mate only with each other

Question 24

95% of nests of the superb fairy-wren (will/will not) have extra-pair offspring; 100% of florida scrub-jays (will/will not) have extra-pair offspring

Answer 24

1) will

2) will not

Question 25

Monogamy may be safe and more rewarding is the costs are _______ for mating

Answer 25

high

Question 26

In a research dealing with the mating practices of primates, including the extremely polyandrous Barbary macaque, the team investigated what?

Answer 26

whether the immune systems of species that mate multiply will be stronger than related species with tendencies toward monogamy?

Question 27

What were the general findings of the research on immune system responses between polygamous vs. monogamous species?

Answer 27

polyandrous bird species had higher bacteria and yeast levels; White blood cell counts were higher for polyandrous species; sexually transmitted disease risk is higher in non-monogamous species

Question 28

Match hypotheses that explain monogamy in animal species: 1. mate limitation hypothesis 2. mate guarding hypothesis 3. mate assistance hypothesis 4. infanticide hypothesis a. monogamy is likely to evolve when resources are so critical to successful reproduction that both parents are necessary to rear young b. monogamy is likely to evolve when potential mates do not form groups and roam widely, making them costly to locate c. monogamy is likely to evolve when the risk of infanticide is high and a partner can provide protection against infanticidal males d. monogamy is likely to evolve when individuals have the ability to restrict mating behavior in their partner

Answer 28

1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c

Question 29

sexual suicide is an example that provides support for what type of hypothesis regarding monogamy?

Answer 29

mate guarding hypothesis

Question 30

what is a textbook example providing support for the mate assistance hypothesis?

Answer 30

parental care

Question 31

_______ _______ is one of the primary potential benefits to males among monogamous species.

Answer 31

paternity assurance

Question 32

T/F males are the only sex to use guarding across species

Answer 32

FALSE

Question 33

when a female blocks her partner's polygynous intentions to monopolize his parental assistance, this type of mate guarding is referred to as ________ -________ _________

Answer 33

female-enforced monogamy

Question 34

burying beetle Nicrophorus defodiens practice _________ - ________ monogamy

Answer 34

female-enforced monogamy

Question 35

In the species European starlings, demonstrating the benefits of monogamy in species with paternal care, ____% of eggs incubated by both parents hatched compared to just ____% of eggs cared for by mothers alone

Answer 35

1) 97% | 2) 75%

Question 36

The mean number of fledged young per brood of spotless starlings was (highest/lowest) for those with extra testosterone and (highest/lowest) for those with testosterone blocker

Answer 36

1) lowest | 2) highest

Question 37

For the prairie vole species, males defend their offspring against infanticidal rivals which makes ________ ___________ and _______ __________ a contribution towards monogamous behavior in this species

Answer 37

mate guarding and mate assistance

Question 38

Evidence shows that, among primate species, infanticide came (before or after) the shift from polygyny to monogamy

Answer 38

before (when a species is confronted with strong infanticidal tendencies defense against this with the aid of a long term partner is beneficial for both males and females)

Question 39

Evidence indicates that there is (a relationship/no relationship) between monogamy and risk of male infanticide

Answer 39

no relationship

Question 40

Paternal care is a (cause/consequence) of monogamy in mammals

Answer 40

consequence

Question 41

The work of Lukas and Clutton-Brock showed that monogamy evolved in mammal species because breeding females are _______________________ and female density is _________.

Answer 41

1) intolerant of one another | 2) low