Chapter 7 class (exam3) - Chris Flashcards
(52 cards)
Habitat Selection
Suitability: must meet needs
Philopatric Species
Return to birthplace to breed.
a suitable area should provide breeding site, food, and safety from predators and weather
(ex: salmon, turtles)
Honeybee’s new homesite
must not be too large or small, protected from the cold and be far enough away from the original hive
ideal free distribution theory
given a choice, animals distribute themselves spatially, moving to better sites to increase reproductive success.
ex: black-capped warblers
within-species competition
distributes animals over alternate habitats, using marginal areas when populations are large
Conspecifics
members of the same species
source habitat
population grows
sink habitat
population falls
Types of territoriality
1) O___
2) G___
1) object oriented territoriality (involves a moving object - i.e. male follows female)
2) geographic territoriality (defends nest, display area or food source)
object oriented territoriality
involves a moving object - i.e. male follows female
geographic territoriality
defends nest, display area or food source
defended food resources must be
- clumped
- variable in quality
- reliable
- have only moderate competition
animals typically defend _(A)__ territory they need.
if the territory produces less food they __(B)__.
if the territory produces more, they __(C)__.
A) the size territory they need.
B) if the territory produces less food they try to defend more area.
C) if the territory produces more, they decrease it.
Multi purpose territory
size is roughly a function of metabolic rate and weight.
General maintenance model
I =
D =
A =
model equation
I = food intake D = food density A = area
I = D*A
Maximization Function model equation
F = D = A = C = I =
F = DA-C = I-C
Fitness D = food density Area Costs I = food intake
Carpenter & MacMillen Model predicts (A)
E =
P =
a =
A) predicts territoriality for Hawaiian Honeycreepers
E = energy needed to survive P = productivity of environment a = Fraction of P a nonterritorial animal can obtain
To avoid starving you need
E ≤ aP
E = energy needed to survive P = productivity of environment a = Fraction of P a nonterritorial animal can obtain
To reproduce you need more energy
E < aP
E = energy needed to survive P = productivity of environment a = Fraction of P a nonterritorial animal can obtain
Energetic costs of living and defending a territory (E+T) must be (a) __ than the sum of energy input w/o (b) __, plus energy (c) being __(d)_ P(a+b), for territoriality to occur
a) less than
b) being territorial
c) gained
d) territorial
Energetic costs of living and defending a territory (E+T) must be less than than the sum of energy input w/o being territorial, plus energy gained being territorial P(a+b), for territoriality to occur
For territorial defense to be worthwhile
T < bP
T = energy cost to defend territory P = productivity of environment b = additional fraction of P obtained by defending territory
For territorial defense to be worthwhile
T < bP
T = energy cost to defend territory P = productivity of environment b = additional fraction of P obtained by defending territory
Resident always wins hypothesis
rule would be an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) but the existing residents don’t always win
Resource Holding Power Hypothesis
if territory holders are bigger, stronger, or in better condition, they should win and they usually they do.
