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Anatomy Exam #2 > Chapter 10: Muscles > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscles Flashcards

(82 cards)

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0
Q

reactive to stimuli from nervous system or environment, generate electrical and mechanical response is called what?

A

excitability

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1
Q

what are the properties of muscles?

A

excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

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2
Q

cells actively shorten (contract) upon stimulation, generates tension is called what?

A

Contractility

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3
Q

cells can lengthen (extend) when pulled is called what?

A

extensibility

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4
Q

tendency to rebound (recoil) to some resting length after contraction or extension is called what?

A

elasticity

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5
Q

what are the three muscle types?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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6
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

cylindrical
multinucleated
obvious striations
arranged in parallel

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7
Q

what type of muscle has to do with voluntary movement?

A

skeletal

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8
Q

where can you find skeletal muscle?

A

in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally skin

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9
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

branching
striated
uninucleate
have intercalated discs

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10
Q

what type of muscle contracts and propels blood into the circulation and is involuntarily controlled

A

cardiac

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11
Q

where can cardiac muscle be found

A

walls of the heart

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12
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

spindle-shaped cells
central nuclei
no striation

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13
Q

what kind of muscle type propels substances or objects along internal passageways and is under involuntary control?

A

smooth

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14
Q

where can smooth muscle be found?

A

walls of hollow organs

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15
Q

what are the general functions of skeletal muscle?

A 
movement 
maintain posture and body position
support soft tissue
guard entrances and exits 
maintain body temp 
storage of certain organic moleules
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16
Q

what organic molecules does skeletal muscle store?

A

glucose

amino acids

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17
Q

what is the WHOLE muscle surrounded by?

A

epimysium

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18
Q

what surrounds a fascicle?

A

perimysium

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19
Q

what surrounds a muscle fiber?

A

endomysium

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20
Q

what is the cell membrane of skeletal muscle called?

A

sacrolemma

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21
Q

what is the muscle form of E.R?

A

saracoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

what in the muscle transmits electrical signals?

A

T-tubules

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23
Q

what is a cylindrical bundle of myofilaments called?

A

myofibril

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24
ultramicroscopic threadlike structures made up of various protein molecules are called what?
myofilament
25
what are the two types of myofilaments
thick | thin
26
what is the main protein in thin myofilaments
actin
27
what is the protein called that holds thin filaments together
z-line protein
28
what kind of myofilament do tropomyosin and troponin belong to?
thin myofilaments
29
what is the main protein found in thick myofilament
myosin
30
what kind of protein holds thick myofilaments together?
M-line protein
31
the area between two z-lines that also contains one m-line is called what?
Sarcomere
32
what is the next bundle that the skeletal muscle holds?
muscle fascicle
33
what is the next bundle contained in a muscle fascicle?
muscle fibers
34
what is the next bundle contained by the muscle fiber?
myofibrils
35
what is the myofibril surrounded by?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
36
what does the myofibril consist of?
sarcomeres
37
what connects the thick filaments to the Z-line?
Titin
38
Neurons that are connected to skeletal muscle cells are called what?
Motor neurons
39
The place where motor neuron connects to muscle cell is called what?
neuromuscular junction
40
T/F one motor neuron may contract and stimulate more than one muscle cell (fiber)
T
41
what makes up a motor unit?
neuron + muscle cell it controls
42
What does stimulation of the motor neuron cause?
release of Ca2+ from the SR into the cytoplasm
43
What does Calcium trigger?
the cross bridge cycle | bringing the Z-lines of sarcomeres closer together
44
what involves interactions of muscle proteins such as actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin and requires ATP as an energy source?
Cross bridge cycling
45
In what ways can skeletal muscle cells vary?
in size speed of contraction amount of force endurance
46
what are the three fiber types in muscle cells?
type 1 fibers type 2B fibers type 2A fibers
47
what type of fibers are SLOW and OXIDATIVE?
Type 1 fibers
48
What type of fibers are FAST and GLYCOLYTIC?
Type 2B fibers
49
What type of fibers are Fast and oxidative?
Type 2A fibers
50
are type 1 fibers fatigue resistant?
yes
51
are type 2 B fibers fatigue resistant?
no, they are easily fatigued
52
are type 2A fibers fatigue resistant?
somewhat
53
In regards to size, type 1 fibers are ___ and type 2B fibers are ____
small | big
54
the speed of contraction in Type 1 fibers is ___ and the speed of contraction in Type 2B fibers is ___ and type 2A fibers are ____
Slow fast fast
55
In terms of force generation, Type 1 fibers have ___, Type 2B fibers have ____, and type 2A fibers have ___
Low force high force medium force
56
In a picture type 1 fibers are __ in color, type 2B are ___ in color and type 2A are ___ in color
dark pale in-between
57
The proportion of fiber types is determined by what?
muscle purpose genetics activity/training
58
what are the categories of muscle fiber organization?
Parallel convergent circular Pennate
59
what are the types of pennate muscle organizations?
unipennate bipennate multi-pennate
60
fibers that run parallel to the long axis of muscle are called what?
parallel muscles
61
where can you find a parallel muscle?
biceps brachii muscle
62
fibers converging on a single tendon and muscle and are typically triangular are called what?
convergent muscle
63
where can convergent muscle be found?
pectoralis muscle
64
fibers arranged concentrically around opening of rectus are called what?
circular muscle
65
where can circular muscle be found?
Oricularis oris muscle
66
fibers that attach to a tendon at an oblique angle are called what?
pennate muscles
67
fibers that run in an oblique angle to one side of a tendon are called what?
unipennate muscle
68
fibers that run in a oblique angle on both sides of a tendon are called what?
bipennate muscle
69
fibers that run in an oblique angle where the tendon branches with the muscle are called what?
multi-pennate
70
where can uni-pennate muscle be found?
extensor digitorum muscle
71
where can bipennate muscle be found?
rectus femoris muscle
72
where can multi-pennate muscle be found?
deltoid muscle
73
what kind of "discs" does cardiac muscle have?
intercalated discs
74
what is one important way that cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscles?
they are electrically interconnected with one another
75
what do intercalated disks in cardiac muscle contain?
ion channels
76
do the intercalated discs inhibit electrical activity?
no, they allow it to spread easily from cell to cell so they can contract in unison
77
T/F Actin and myosin are arranged in sarcomeres or myofibrils in smooth muscle?
F they are not arranged in sarcomeres or myofibrils
78
what is actin attached to in smooth muscle?
dense bodies scattered throughout cell
79
how is myosin arranged in smooth muscles?
it is scattered throughout
80
what is the pattern of smooth muscle contraction?
shortening and twisting
81
what type of muscle fibers are probably most abundant in smooth muscle?
Type 1 fibers | due to the fact they have slow contraction, and resistant to fatigue

Anatomy Exam #2 (4 decks)

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