Chapter 10 Personality Flashcards
(92 cards)
0
Q
Type a personality
A
More anxious and ambitious, competitive, hardworking, easily angered, more likely to develop cardiac issues
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Q
Personality
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Unique attitudes behaviors and emotions that characterize a person
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Q
Type b personality
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Relaxed and easygoing
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Q
Personality- psychoanalytic approach
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- Sigmund freud’s psychosexual stages (environ in childhood)
- id, ego, and superego
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Q
Stage theories
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Theories where development is discontinuous, steps are recognizable diff from each other
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Q
Psychosexual stage theory
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Personality made in early childhood thru the sexual urges in diff stages
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- adult genital
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Q
Oral stage
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- birth to one year
- sucking and biting gives sexual pleasure
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Q
Anal stage
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- 1-3 yrs
- sexually pleasure from pooping and peeing
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Q
Phallic stage
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- 3-5 yrs
- sexual pleasure from genitalia
- Oepidus crisis and Electra crisis
- boys and girls notice physical diff
(Penis envy and castration anxiety)
9
Q
Oepidus crisis
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- in phallic stage, boys sexually desire mom and view fathers as rivals for mom’s love
- castration anxiety, use defense mechanism of identification, emulate and attach themselves to fathers
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Q
Electra crisis
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- in phallic stage, girls sexually desire fathers and view mom as rivals for dad’s love
- develop penis envy
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Q
Penis envy
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In phallic stage, a girl’s desire for a penis
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Q
Castration anxiety
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- In phallic stage, boys fear that their father will castrate them if they misbehave or to eliminate them as rivals for mom’s love
- use defense mechanism of identification
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Q
Identification- Oepidus crisis
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In phallic stage, boys emulate and attach themselves to fathers to protect themselves from castration anxiety
- prevents boys from fearing fathers
- encourages boys to break away from motherly attachments and act like men
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Q
Latency stage
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- 6 yrs to puberty
- repress sexual feelings out of concious awareness
- focus on same sex friendships and academic studies
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Q
Adult genital stage
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- puberty to death
- sexual pleasure from sexual relationships with others
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Q
Fixation
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- tendency or habit created by being under or over gratified in any psychosexual stage (libido is stuck in the stage)
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Q
Oral fixation
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- child not fed regularly or overly indulged have tendency to overeat, chew gum, smoking addiction, or other mouth related behavior
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Q
Anal fixation
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Caused by traumatic toilet training
- anal expulsive personality- messy, disorganized
- anal retentive- meticulously neat
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Q
Phallic fixation
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- Very sexually assured and aggressiveness
- feel sexually inadequate
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Q
Libido
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Psychic energy used to keep unconscious thoughts from the conscious mind, directs life instincts(Eros )
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Q
Unconscious mind
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Part of our mind we don’t have access to
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Q
Conscious mind
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Everything we are thinking of at the moment
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Q
Precocious
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Anything we can potentially summon to our unconscious mind with ease
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Id
- In the unconscious
- propelled by pleasure principle
- babies have only the id
Has
- psychic energy
- instincts- Eros and Thanatos
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Eros
Life instincts in id
| - ex: desire for sex
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Thanatos
Death instincts in id
| - ex aggression
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Pleasure principle
- id's driving force
| - wants immediate gratification
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Ego
- follows reality principle
- partly in unconscious and conscious
- comes around age 2 or 3
- protects conscious mind with defense mechanisms
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Reality principle
Driving force behind ego
| - negotiates bw desires of id and limitations of environ
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Superego
- comes around age 5
- both in conscious and unconscious mind
- sense of conscience or morality
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Defense mechanism
Protects conscious mind from threatening thoughts in the unconscious
- repression
- denial
- displacement
- projection
- reaction formation
- regression
- rationalization
- intellectualization
- sublimation
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Repression
Blocking thoughts from conscious awareness
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Denial
Not accepting the threatening truth of a situation
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Displacement
Redirecting ones feelings towards another person or object
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Projection
Believing the feeling one has towards someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself
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Reaction formation
Expressing opposite of how you feel
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Regression
Returning to an earlier more comforting behavior
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Rationalization
Coming up with a beneficial result to an undesirable consequence
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Intellectualization
Doing an academic unemotional study of a topic
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Sublimation
Channeling ones frustrations towards a different goal
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Fruedian personality theory cons
- little empirical evidence
- any reaction subject has to psychoanalytic theory can be seen as support of it theory
- overemphasizes importance of early childhood and sex
- feminists think it objectifies men- penis envy not based on any empirical evidence- suggests womb envy
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Karen horney
Criticizes freud's penis envy and says men have womb envy
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Womb envy
Jealousy of women's reproductive capabilities
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Impact Freudian theory of personality
- More prominent role in the arts (ex Salvador Dali) and modern lang than in actual psychology
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Psychodynamic personality theory
- carl Jung- collective and personal unconscious
| - Alfred Adler- focused on ego, importance of superiority and inferiority
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Carl Jung
Psychodynamic theorist
| - unconscious is made of personal and collective unconscious
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Personal unconscious
Made by Carl Jung
| - consists of complexes
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Complexes
anxiety- causing memories from the past that are repressed into personal unconscious
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Collective unconscious
- made by Carl Jung
Passed down they species, explains similarities we see bw cultures
- consists of archetypes
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Archetypes
Universal concepts we all share as part of the human species in collective unconscious
Ex shadow is evil
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Alfred Adler
- Ego psychologist who focused on our fear of inferiority and desire to be superior , how it shapes personality
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Trait theorists
- believe personality can be described by specifying main characteristics
- nomotheic approach
- ideographic theorists
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Nomothetic approach
Trait theorists that believe we can describe ppls personalities with same basic set of traits
- Hans eyesenck
- Paul costa and Robert McCrae
- Raymond Catell
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Hans eyesenck
Nomothetic trait theorist
| - classified ppl with an introversion-extroversion scale and stable- unstable scale
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Raymond Catell
Nomothetic trait theorist
| - made 16 PF (personality factor) test
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Paul costa and Robert McCrae
- nomothetic trait theorist
- classified ppl according to big five traits (ocean)
- openness to experience.
- conscientiousness
- extroversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
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Factor analysis
Statistical technique used to cluster traits and find main traits
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Idiographic theorists
- each person's personality must be seen in terms of what few traits best characterize their unique self
- Gordon allport
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Gordon allport
- idiographic trait theorist
| - characterized ppl by their cardinal, central, and secondary dispositions
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Criticism trait theorist
Underestimate importance of the situation in personality
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Biological theory personality
- view genes, chemicals, and body types as central forces in personality
- little research, growing field
- babies are born with diff temperaments, thought to influence personality
- Hippocrates and William Sheldon
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Heritability
Measure of variation of a trait due to genetics
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Temperaments
Emotional way of dealing with the world
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Hippocrates
Personality determined by relative levels of 4 bodily fluids (blood, yellow bike, black bile, and phlegm)
- untrue but the first theory to attribute biological factors to personality
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William Sheldon
somatotypes theory of personality
- ectomorphs (thin) are shy
- endomorphs (round) are friendly and outgoing
- mesomorphs (muscular) are confident and assertive
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Behavioral theories personality
- personality is nothing more than behavior, determined by reinforcement contingencies
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Behavioral personality theory criticism
- fails to recognize importance of cognition
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Socio-cognitive theories personality
- mix of behavioral with a cognitive component
- bandura
- George Kelly
- Julian rotter
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Bandura personality theory
- Triadic reciprocality/ reciprocal determinism
| - highly affected by ppl's self-efficacy
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Triadic reciprocality
Personality is created by interaction bw environment, behavior, and personality traits. All effect each other in a loop like form
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Self efficacy
- feelings about one's ability to get things done right (powerlessness vs optimism)
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George Kelly
- Personal construct theory
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Personal construct theory
- people develop their own personal evaluations of how world works, ppls behavior determined by how they evaluate the world
- based on fundamental postulate
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Fundamental postulate
- ppl's behavior is influenced by their cognitions and ppls past behaviors predict future ones
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Julian rotter
- Made locus of control concept
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Locus of control
- like bandura's self efficacy
- internal locus of control- ppl who feel that they are responsible for what happens to them
- external locus of control- luck and other outside forces determine destinies (powerlessness)
- internals are healthier more ppl active and do better academically
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Humanistic theory personality
- view ppl as innately good
- ppl able to use free will to determine destiny
- ppl motivated to self actualization
- stress self concept and self esteem
- Abraham Maslow
- Carl Rogers
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Self concept
Person's global feeling about him or herself, develops mostly thru parent interaction
- high self concepts have high self esteem
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Abraham Maslow
- Made hierarchy of needs in which self actualization sits at the top
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Carl Rogers
- made self theory
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Self theory
- although ppl are innately good, they need unconditional positive regard to self actualize
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Unconditional positive regard
Blanket acceptance usly by parent to children, needed to self actualize acc to Carl Rogers
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Humanistic theory criticism
Overly optimistic, how do ppl do horrible things if they are innately good?
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Reliability
Yielding consistent results
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Validity
Accuracy, actual correctness of results
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Assessment techniques personality
- projective tests
- self report inventories
- radical behaviorists think there is no assessment technique but to observe behavior
- Barnum effect
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Projective tests
involve asking ppl to interpret ambiguous stimuli
- Rorschach ink blot test
- thematic apperception test (TAT)
- criticism- scoring is hard and based on therapist's interpretations
- used by psychoanalysts to reveal unconscious
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Rorschach ink blot test
- projective test
| - showing ppl ink blots, what do you see ?
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Thematic apperception test (TAT)
- projective tests
| - shows picture of ppl in ambiguous situation, what is happening?
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Self report inventories
- questionnaires asking ppl about themselves
- used by many types of psychologists
- paper answer is an objective assessment
- interview is more subjective and opens the door to interviewer bias in interpretating answers
- ppl may lie, less reliable
- Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2)
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Barnum effect
Curiosity for ppl to know their future and other info based on personality assessments, very easily deceived, used by fortune tellers, psychics, etc
