Chapter 8 Motivation

Question 0

Theories of motivation

Answer 0

• drive reduction theory
• arousal theory
• opponent process theory
• incentive theory
• hierarchy of needs

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Feelings or ideas that cause is to act towards a goal

Question 2

Drive reduction theory

Answer 2

• behavior is motivated by biological needs and desire for homeostasis
• lack of homeostasis creates a drive
• doesn’t explain some human behaviors

2 types of drives

• primary
• secodary

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Balanced internal state

Question 4

Primary drive

Answer 4

• biological needs we are motivated to satisfy

Question 5

Secondary drive

Answer 5

• Something we learn to have a drive for since the resource can be used to meet out primary drives.

Question 6

Arousal theory

Answer 6

• motivation theory
• we seek optimum level of excitement
• we have different levels of excitement we are satisfied with
• yerkes Dodson law

Question 7

Yerkes Dodson law

Answer 7

• part of arousal theory

- too much and too little arousal result in poor performance. Medium arousal is perfect

Question 8

Opponent process theory

Answer 8

• Theory of motivation, used to explain addicting behaviors
• we are motivated to be at a neutral baseline state
• ex: nonsmoker takes a smoke but then wants to return back to neutral state. Then gets withdrawal which is why having nicotine in ur body becomes a baseline state and you can’t move away from it

Question 9

Incentive theory

Answer 9

• motivation theory

- we are motivated to seek rewards we desire

Question 10

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

• motivation theory by Maslow
• pyramid of needs starting with needs most prioritized and that have to be met before going on to the next one
• at the top is self actualization, fullest potential
• some human behavior violates the hierarchy

Question 11

Hunger motivation biological basis

Answer 11

• when our stomachs are empty, we are hungry
• hypothalamus monitors body chemistry, makes us hungry when we need to eat

2 opposing parts of hypothalamus

• lateral
• ventromedial
• set point theory

Question 12

Types of motivation

Answer 12

• hunger
• sex
• social

Question 13

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 13

• when stimulated, makes us eat. If destroyed, we have no desire to eat and starve

Question 14

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 14

• When stimulated, makes us stop eating. When destroyed, the animal will eat without feeling full

Question 15

Set point theory

Answer 15

• how the hypothalamus chooses what signal to send (keep eating or stop eating) based on glucose insulin ratios b/ it wants to maintain a certain optimal weight
• below weight? Signal to eat and slows metabolic rate
• above weight? Signal to stop eating and raises metabolic rate

Question 16

Hunger motivation Psychological basis

Answer 16

• externals motivated to eat just because the food is attractive and present even if they aren’t hungry
• internals listen more to body cues
• Garcia effect changes what foods make you hungry
• we learn to like foods from our culture an background

Question 17

Eating disorders

Answer 17

• bulimia- binge and purge by vomiting, laxatives, too much exercise
• anorexia- starve themselves to below 85% of body weight
• obesity- very overweight, often by 100 pounds, unhealthy eating habits or biological disposition
• most common in us where culture emphasizes body weight, family history shows possible genetic factor

Question 18

Sexual response cycle

Answer 18

Studied by William masters and Virginia Johnson

• initial excitement
• plateau phase
• orgasm
• resolution phase

Question 19

Initial excitement

Answer 19

• first of sexual response cycle

- p erect, clit swells, increase respiration and heart rate

Question 20

Plateau phase

Answer 20

• respiration and heart rate still elevated

- secrete fluids

Question 21

Orgasm

Answer 21

• contractions, heart rate/respiration increase more, ejac, pleasure

Question 22

Resolution phase

Answer 22

• reputation heart rate slow

- men have refractory period before another org, women can repeat without waiting

Question 23

Sexual motivation psych factors

Answer 23

• even when capability to have sex is lost, ppl still have sexual desires suggesting there is more than a biological motivation for sex

Question 24

Sexual orientation

Answer 24

- human sexual behaviors documented by Alfred Kinsey - environ have not been proven to influence sexual orientation - possible bio factors- diff brain structures, twin studies, hormones in the womb

Question 25

Social motivation

Answer 25

- achievement motivation | - extrinsic/intrinsic

Question 26

Achievement motivation

Answer 26

- humans and some animals have an innate desire to figure out the world and master skills even if there is no clear benefit to the knowledge - ppl have diff levels of this

Question 27

Extrinsic/intrinsic motivation

Answer 27

- extrinsic motivators- rewards that we get from outside ourselves (grades, salary,) effective for short time period - intrinsic motivators- rewards we get internally (self satisfaction) more enduring - benefits shown when managers believe employees are intrinsically motivated, not extrinsically

Question 28

Motivation conflicts

Answer 28

- approach approach conflict - avoidance avoidance conflict - Approach avoidance conflict - multiple approach avoidance conflict

Question 29

Approach approach conflict

Answer 29

- choosing between 2 desirable outcomes

Question 30

Avoidance avoidance conflict

Answer 30

- choosing between 2 undesirable outcomes

Question 31

Approach avoidance conflict

Answer 31

- when one event or goal has both desirable and undesirable features

Question 32

Multiple approach avoidance conflict

Answer 32

Choosing between 2 or more events, each with its own desirable and undesirable features.

Question 33

Emotion theories

Answer 33

- James-Lange | - cannon-bard

Question 34

James-Lange theories

Answer 34

- theory on emotion - we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress 1) stress 2) bio changes 3) emotion

Question 35

Cannon-bard theory

Answer 35

- emotion theory - one biological state may correspond to many different emotional states, so biological change and cognitive awareness of emotion happens at same time

Question 36

2-factor theory

Answer 36

- emotion theory - by Stanley schachtner - emotion depends on interaction bw biological and cognitive state Ex: heart racing and thinking that situation is scary leads you to feel afraid.

Question 37

Nonverbal emotion

Answer 37

- way we nonverbally express emotions is universally the same (facial expressions)

Question 38

To measure stress

Answer 38

- Holmes and rahe designed social readjustment rating scale(srrs); measures stress in terms of life changing units (LCU) - someone with a high score will have a higher chance of getting a stress related disease - perceived control over events lessens harmful effects of stress

Question 39

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 39

- made by Hans Seyles - general human and animal stress response 1) alarm reaction 2) resistance 3) exhaustion

Question 40

Alarm reaction GAS

Answer 40

- first step in GaS | - heart rate increases, blood directed to muscles used to react, activates sympathetic nervous system

Question 41

Resistance GAS

Answer 41

- body still remains ready - hormones released to maintain readiness - body is depleting its resources

Question 42

Exhaustion GAS

Answer 42

- parasympathetic nervous system brings us back to normal | - more vulnerable to disease since our resources are depleted (ulcers, heart conditions, depression)

Question 43

Over justification effect

Answer 43

How Extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation