Chapter 5 Consciousness Flashcards
(48 cards)
0
Q
Consciousness
A
Level of awareness about ourselves and our environ
1
Q
History of studies in conciousness
A
William James very interested in it, but no tools to look at it scientifically so the topic faded until now when there is more tech
- long argued philosophical debate- dualism vs monismo
2
Q
Dualism
A
Believes universe consists of thought and matter
- thought in a way arises from but is still independent of the brain
- thought is eternal and exists after body dies
3
Q
Monists
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Believe thought is not independent of matter. Thought is brains byproduct and dies when body dies
4
Q
Priming
A
People respond more quickly and accurately to questions they have seen before but don’t remember
5
Q
Phenomenons that prove different levels of consciousness
A
- mere exposure effect
- priming
- Blind sight
6
Q
Blind sight
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Some blind people an still accurately grab objects and follow the path of a moving object. One level of consciousness doesn’t get any visual info while another does
7
Q
Some levels of consciousness
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- conscious
- non-conscious
- preconscious
- subconscious
- unconscious
- sleep
- experts dispute of which levels exist
8
Q
Nonconscious
A
Body processes controlled by our mind that we are not usually aware of
9
Q
Subconscious mind
A
Info not consciously aware of but we know exist b/ of priming and the mere exposure effect
10
Q
Circadian rhythm
A
How our metabolic and thought processes follow a certain unique pattern
- includes our sleep cycle
11
Q
tool to measure different stages of consciousness
A
EEG detects types of waves given off by brain during different states of consciousness
- also used in sleep studies to see sleep stages
12
Q
Stages of sleep
A
- sleep onset
1) stages 1 and 2
2) stages 3 and 4
3) progress back to stage 1- REM
4) cycle continues, but as we get closer to awakening we spend more time in stages 1 and 2, less in 3 and 4 - about 90 min going from stage 1 to stage 4 once, 4-7 cycles
- babies get more rem sleep, aging reduces time needed to sleep and rem
13
Q
Sleep onset
A
- stage bw wakefulness and sleep
- brain makes alpha waves
- might have mild hallucinations like Falling/rising
14
Q
Stage 1 and stage 2
A
- in the beginning of this stage, you may not be asleep but fall asleep by the end of it
- brain makes theta waves which get slower in frequency and higher in amplitude as these stages progress
- stage 2- EEG shows short bursts of rapid brain waves
15
Q
Stages 3 and 4
A
Aka delta sleep
- the less frequency the waves have, the deeper the sleep and less conscious we are
- body replenishes it’s chemicals, strengthens immune system, and releases it’s growth hormones(for kids)
- being deprived of delta sleep makes you more tired and easily sick
- more exercise, more delta sleep
16
Q
REM sleep
A
In stage 1, brain has period of intense activity- almost as tho we were awake
- Rapid Eye Movement and muscles twitch, dreams most likely to occur here esp detailed ones
- rem deprivation interferes with memory and these ppl will experience more and longer periods of rem the next time they can sleep until whenever they want
- more stress, more rem
17
Q
Sleep disorders
A
- insomnia
- narcolepsy
- sleep apnea
- night terrors
18
Q
Insomnia
A
- most common sleep disorder 10%
- has trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep
- recommend: no caffeine or stimulants, exercise during the day, maintain good sleep pattern
19
Q
Narcolepsy
A
- suffer from random periods of intense sleepiness
- ppl go straight into rem sleep unpredictably
- recommend- take regular naps, medication
20
Q
Sleep apnea
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- ppl stop breathing for short periods of time in night, wake up to gasp for air, interrupting vital deep sleep
- overweight men at risk, can be fatal
- recommend: respiration machine
21
Q
Night terrors
A
- screaming episode, usly happening to children, during stage 4 sleep, don’t remember it when they wake up
- related to somnambulism
- stops as they get older
22
Q
somnambulism
A
Sleep walking
23
Q
Dreams
A
- storylike images experienced around or in rem sleep
- hard to study b/ based wholly on self reports
- freud’s psychoanalytic approach
- activation synthesis theory
- information processing theory
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Freudian theories of dreams
- analyzing dreams allows us to see what's being repressed in our unconscious
- we act out our unconscious desires, but in more subtle ways using symbols since the ego is still trying to protect you (protected sleep)
- dreams made of manifest and latent content
- theory hard to validate or test, mostly used in pop culture
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Manifest content
Literal content of ones dreams
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Latent content
Unconscious meaning of the manifest content in our dreams
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Activation synthesis theory
- biological approach to dreaming
- dreams are just brain's interpretations of what is happening physiologically during rem sleep, literary part of brain makes up story line explanation for intense brain wave activity
- split brain patients come up with all sprts of explanations why they are behaving a certain way when it is nothing but a physicooogical cause
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Information processing theory
- theorize that brain is integrating daily stress and info during rem dreaming into memories,
- that's why babies have longer rem sleep b they process so much more info every day
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Hypnosis effects
- posthypnotic amnesia
| - posthypnotic suggestion
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theories on how hypnosis works
- role theory
- state theory
- disassociation theory
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Posthypnotic amnesia
People report forgetting events that occurred while they were hypnotized
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Posthypnotic suggestion
How a person will behave in a certain way the hypnotist suggests after they are brung out of hypnosis
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Role theory
- hypnosis not a diff state of consciousness
- people with high hypnotic suggestibility are easier hypnotized
- ppl in hypnosis are just acting out what is expected for their role
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Hypnotic suggestibility
Part of role theory, series of traits that some ppl have that make them easier to hypnotize
- richer fantasy lives
- follow directions well
- can focus attention for long time
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State theory
- hypnosis is a different state of consciousness b we become more or less aware of our environ and some ppl report big health benefits
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Dissociation theory
- hypnosis divides our consciousness voluntarily
- one part in tune with what is happening while another responds to suggestions of the hypnotist
- researched by Ernest hilgard
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Psychoactive drugs
Chemicals that change nuerotransmitters levels in the brain
- 4 types- stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opiates
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Effects of psychoactive drug after use
- Tolerance causes withdrawal
- physiological dependence if you need drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms - - - psychological dependence on drug if you need it to feel a certain way
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Physiological processes when taking a psychoactive drug
- chemicals small enough to pass thru blood brain barrier
- become either antagonist, agonists, or reuptake inhibitors changing neurotransmitter levels in brain
- causes alt state of conciousness
- this and expectations cause change in behavior and cognition
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Blood brain barrier
Thick walls around brain blood vessels That brain uses to protect itself from harmful chemicals
- psychoactive drugs pass thru here
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Tolerance
Physiological change that produces a need for more of the same drug to achieve the same effect
- causes withdrawal
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Withdrawal
- Unpleasant symptoms caused by tolerance of the brain to a drug
- plays role in physiological dependence to drugs
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Stimulants
- Type of psychoactive drug
- speeds up body processes including automatic nervous system functions, sense of euphoria and confidence
- tolerance, side effects, withdrawal
- Ex: cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, meth
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Depressants
- type of psychoactive drug
- ex: alcohol, barbiturates, anxiolytics
- slows down body processes like automatic nervous system
- sense of euphoria, slows down judgement and reactions
- tolerance and withdrawal
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Hallucinogens
- type of psychoactive drugs
- aka psychedelics
- ex: peyote, marijuana, LSD
- sensory hallucinations, identity loss, vivid fantasies
- drug may remain in body for wks causing reverse tolerance
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Opiates
- type of psychoactive drug
- ex: morphine, heroin, codeine, opium
- act as agonists for endorphins
- powerful painkillers, euphoria, drowsiness
- most physically addictive drugs b/ rapidly making tolerance and withdrawal
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Opium
Opiate derived from poppy plant
