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DAT > Chapter 10: plants > Flashcards

Chapter 10: plants Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Imbibition

A

Absorption of water by seed ~ breaks seed coat

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2
Q

Meristem

A

an area of plant takes place through repeated cell division

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3
Q

Apical meristem

A 
Grows vertically ~ increases height
Primary Growth (all plants)
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4
Q

Two types of meristem

A

Apical and lateral

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5
Q

Lateral meristem

A 
Grows horizontally ~ increase width/thickness
Secondary Growth (woody plants)
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6
Q

Three zones at apical meristem

A

Zone of division : constant division
Zone of elongation: absorption of water
Zone of maturation: differentiation into specific plant tissues

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7
Q

Vascular cambium:

A

ring of meristemic tissue located between primary xylen & phloem

  • Cells produced outside ~ become secondary phloem
  • Cells produced inside ~ become secondary xylem
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8
Q

Secondary Xylem:

A

along with pith ~ form wood.

- Constant production ~ forms growth rings

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9
Q

Secondary phloem:

A

bark, cork cambium, cork

- Replaces the older ones.

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10
Q

Cork cambium:

A

ring of meristemic beyond the phloem.

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11
Q

Ground tissue:

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

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12
Q

Parenchyma:

A

Filler tissue

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13
Q

Collenchyma:

A

Extra support to plant

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14
Q

Sclerenchyma:

A

main structural support

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15
Q

Phloem

A

Transports sugars

- sieve & companion cells

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16
Q

Sieve

A

allows substances to flow through them

lack organelles

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17
Q

Companion cells

A

carries out metabolic functions
have organelles
* connected via plasmodesmata

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18
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water in unidirectional

- Tracheids & vessel elements

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19
Q

Tracheids

A

Overlap their tapered ends.

Form tracheid to tracheid through pits

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20
Q

Vessel elements:

A

Vessel to vessel through perforation

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21
Q

Both xylem & phloem arrange to form

A

Stele (central part of the root)

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22
Q

Pith

A

Tissue found in center of root or stem.
- Made up of parenchyma
Stores and transports materials.

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23
Q

Epidermis

A

waxy layer ~ cuticle

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24
Q

Root hairs

A

Increase surface area - greater water & nutrient uptakes.
Cuticle - limits evaporation
Symplastic pathway - water movement through cell’s cytoplasm
Apoplastic pathway - water movement outside the cell (cell wall)

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25
Casparian strip
regulate type & amount of substance that can enter from roots to the rest of the plant. - fatty, waxy substance ~ impenetrable.
26
Function of stomata
gas exchange (open & close)
27
Function of guard cells
control opening & closing of stomata
28
LOW CO2:
during daylight ~ open stomata - diffusion of K+ - creates a gradient - cell turgid (Hypotonic)
29
HIGH CO2:
night time ~ close stomata
30
HIGH TEMP:
Needs to prevent transpiration ~ close stomata
31
When cells becomes turgid --> what happens to guard cells
Change shape
32
Guard cells - flaccid
no gas exchange - cover stomata
33
2 types of Mesophyll
1. Palisada mesophyll | 2. Spongy Mesophyll
34
Palisada mesophyll
tightly packed cells - carry out photosynthesis | closer to upper epidermis
35
Spongy mesophyll
loosely packed cells - allow for gas exchange | closer to lower epidermis
36
Bundle sheath of cells
surround & protect vascular bundles | Important for C4 plants
37
Types of water movements in plants:
Transpiration Capillary action Root pressure
38
Transpirational pull:
water evaporates out through stomata
39
Cohesion:
Similar particles cling to one another
40
Capillary action
Adhesive force - different particle | - b/w water & xylem vessels
41
Root pressure:
pressure that builds up in plant's roots | osmotic gradient - drives water into root.
42
Types of food movements in plants:
Pressure flow hypothesis
43
Pressure flow hypothesis:
movement of sugars in phloem b/c of water movement. - Produce sugars in leaves --> load sugar in phloem --> increase sugar concentration --> creates a gradient--> pulls water from xylem into phloem --> creates a turgor pressure --> allows for bulk flow
44
Turgor pressure
Hypotonic (low outside, high inside)
45
Plasmolyzed pressure
Hypertonic (high outside, low inside)
46
Flaccid pressure
Isotonic
47
Bulk flow
movement of sugar & water from leaves down to roots
48
Plants hormones: (5)
Ethylene, Cytokinin, Gibberellins, Abscisic acid, Auxin
49
Ethylene
Increase ripening of fruit
50
Cytokinin
regulates cell division & differentiation | - Prevents senescence (aging) of plants
51
Gibberellins
Stem & shoot elongation Eliminates dormancy Produces fruit, leaf & fruit death.
52
Abscisic acid
In times of stress | Promotes seed dormancy, close stomata & inhibits growth
53
Auxin
Promotes growth, function with cytokinin | - Phototropism, Gravitropism. Thigmotropism
54
Phototropism
Growth towards light
55
Gravitropism
Growth opposite of gravity
56
Thigmotropism
Growth because of contact
57
Basic alternation of generation cycle steps: (9)
Spores, mitosis, gametophyte, gametes, fertilization, zygote, mitosis, sporophyte, meiosis
58
Homosporous
One type of spores
59
Heterosporous
Two types of spores: microspores (males), megaspores (females)
60
Bryophytes:
``` mosses, hornworts, liverworts Nonvascular, no roots Small & short - grow horizontally Found in moist habitats. Contain Rhizoids ~ water absorption & anchorage. Gametophyte dominated Flagellated sperm, spores dispersal unit ```
61
Tracheophytes:
``` Ferns, gymnosperms & angiosperms Vascular plants ~ contain phloem & xylem Tall- grow vertically Have roots ~ anchors Sporophyte stage dominated ```
62
Lycophytes, pterophytes - Seedless
Club moss, ferns & horsetails, quilworts Ferns formed first during forest carboniferous period Heterospores Flagellated sperm
63
Angiosperm & gymnosperm - Seeds
``` Heterosporous A. Gymnosperm: - Seeds ~ not protected - Conifers (fir, spruce, aspen) - Do not have flagellated sperm - Wind dispersal - Sporophyte generation ``` B. Angiosperm: - Seeds - protected - Flowers bearing & produce fruit - Do not have flagellated sperm - Wind/animal dispersal - Double fertilization (endosperm)
64
Monocots
``` Single cotyledon Parallel leaf veins Flowers multiple of 3's Scattered vascular bundles Fibrous root system ```
65
Dicots:
``` Two cotyledon Netted/branched leaf veins Flowers multiple of 4's or 5's Organized in circular vascular bundles Taproot ```
66
Nitrogen fixing bacteria:
fix nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3) & Ammonium (NH4+)
67
Nitrifying bacteria
convert ammonia (NH3) & Ammonium (NH4+) to nitrile (CN) & nitrate (NO3-)
68
Detritus
death & decay of plants & animals
69
Denitrifying bacteria
Convert nitrate (NO3-) into nitrogen gas (N2)

DAT (5 decks)

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