Chapter 11.2 Respiration

Question 1

Cnidaria:

Answer 1

Simple diffusion ~ Transport gas molecules
Passive transport ~ selectively permeable membrane.
Direct contact with moist environment
No circulatory system

Question 2

Annelida

Answer 2

Simple diffusion
Closed circulatory system ~ oxygen is transported through this system.
- CO2 is taken from tissues to skin - diffuses out

Question 3

Arthropoda

Answer 3

Open circulatory system contain hemolymph

• oxygen diffuses from outside to cells
• CO2 diffuses from cells to outside

Question 4

Arthropoda insects:

Answer 4

Have spiracles ~ small openings

Question 5

Spiracles has small channels called

Answer 5

tracheal tubes

Question 6

Tracheal tubes

Answer 6

allow oxygen to diffuse in and CO2 to diffuse out

Question 7

Arthropoda Arachnids:

Answer 7

Book lungs

Question 8

Book lungs

Answer 8

Stacks of flat vascularized membranes inside a chamber that is with outside environment

Question 9

Fish:

Answer 9

Closed circulatory
Have gills
Countercurrent exchange
Have operculum

Question 10

Countercurrent exchange

Answer 10

Fluid flows in different directions

Creates a diffusion gradient over the surface of the gills (more oxygen in and CO2 removed)

Question 11

What is operculum?

Answer 11

opening where oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and leave

Question 12

Which lung is smaller? Left lung or right lunge

Answer 12

Left lung

Question 13

Left has how many lobes?

Answer 13

2 lobes

Question 14

Right has how many lobes?

Answer 14

3 lobes

Question 15

Pleura:

Answer 15

Dual layer membrane that covers each lung

Question 16

Pleura has how many layers & what are they?

Answer 16

2 layers, Outer layer: Parietal layer

Inner layer: Visceral layer

Question 17

What is the space between each layer called?

Answer 17

Pleural space

Question 18

What is the pleural space?

Answer 18

It has fluid that is always at a lower pressure than atm

Question 19

Intrapleural

Answer 19

allows for the lungs not to collapse

Question 20

Inspiration:

Answer 20

1. Diaphragm = contacts
2. Volume of the lungs and thoracic cavity = increases
3. Pressure in intrapleural space = decreases
4. Air flows into lungs

Question 21

MOST NEGATIVE PEAK IS IN :

Answer 21

Inspiration

Question 22

Pulmonary surfactant

Answer 22

Decreases the surface tension in lungs

Question 23

Expiration:

Answer 23

1. Diaphragm & external intercostal muscles (elastic recoil_) = relax
2. Volume of the lungs and thoracic cavity = decrease
3. Pressure in intrapleural space = increases
4. Air flows out of the lungs

Question 24

LEAST NEGATIVE PEAK IS IN:

Answer 24

Expiration

Question 25

External intercostal

Answer 25

Do inspiration

Question 26

Internal intercostal

Answer 26

Do expiration

Question 27

Tidal volume

Answer 27

During NORMAL breathing volume of AIR MOVING IN THE LUNGS

Question 28

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 28

Forceful inhalations - more air inspired

Question 29

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 29

Forceful exhalation - more air exhaled

Question 30

Functional residual capacity

Answer 30

After a normal tidal exhalation the VOLUME OF AIR LEFT

Question 31

Residual volume

Answer 31

Minimum amount of air that MUST ALWAYS BE PRESENT IN LUNGS.

Question 32

Vital capacity

Answer 32

Maximum amount of air that COULD BE EXHALED AFTER A MAXIMUM INHALATION.

Question 33

Total lung capacity

Answer 33

Volume of air LUNGS CAN HOLD

Question 34

Pathway of air

Answer 34

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

Question 35

Nasal cavity has:

Answer 35

Goblet cells | Ciliated epithelial cells

Question 36

Function of Goblet cells

Answer 36

secrete mucus

Question 37

Function of Ciliated epithelial cells

Answer 37

move debris that is trapped

Question 38

Pharynx has:

Answer 38

ciliated epithelial cells ~ dispose debris

Question 39

Larynx is:

Answer 39

Structure in epiglottis that diverts air

Question 40

Trachea has :

Answer 40

C-shaped cartilage | cover with ciliated epithelial cells

Question 41

2 Bronchi:

Answer 41

enters lungs and divide into bronchioles

Question 42

Bronchioles has

Answer 42

small sacs called alveoli

Question 43

Alveoli has 2 types of cells:

Answer 43

Type 1: Structural support of the alveoli | Type 2: Produce surfactant

Question 44

Surfactant

Answer 44

reduce surface tension - prevent fluid from collapsing