Chapter 10 Qualitative Research Design Flashcards
Characteristics of a Qualitative Research Design
Flexible: Capable of adjusting to what is learned during data collection
Involves triangulating various data collection strategies
* Interviews, participant observation, field notes, diaries, etc.
Emphasizes human experiences
Tends to be holistic, striving for an understanding
of the whole
Researchers become intensely involved
Can require a lot of time
Benefits from ongoing data analysis to guide
strategies
Emergent
Evolves as researchers make ongoing decisions about their data needs based on what they have already learned
Quantitative vs Qualitative Research Design Features
Intervention, Control, Blinding:
* Nonexperimental
* No independent and dependent variables
* Blinding is rarely used
Comparisons:
* No comparisons between groups
Research settings:
* Data collection occurs in naturalistic settings
Time Frames:
* Cross-sectional or longitudinal
Ethnography
Oldest form of research
Describes and interprets a culture and cultural behavior based on day to day interactions
Relies on extensive, labor-intensive fieldwork
Seeks an emic perspective (insider’s view) of the
culture
Relies on wide range of data sources and three broad
types of information:
* Cultural behavior
* Cultural artifacts
* Cultural speech
Participant observation
Culture
The way a group of people live—the patterns of activity and the symbolic structures (e.g., the values and norms) that give such activity significance
What is culture inferred from?
Culture is inferred from the group’s words, actions, and products of its members
Assumption of Ethnography
Cultures guide the way people structure their experiences
Macroethnography
Broadly defines cultures (Moari people in New Zealand)
Focused Ethnography
Focuses on a small group’s culture
Ex) Work culture in the ICU
Product of Ethnography
An in-depth, holistic portrait of the culture under study
Phenomenology
Focuses on the description and interpretation of people’s lived experience or meaning of their daily experiences or perspectives
Rigorous, critical, systematic research method
Acknowledges people’s physical ties to their world: “being in the world”
Descriptive Phenomenology
Based on philosophy of Husserl and his question: “What do we know as persons?”
Describes human experience
Insists on the careful portrayal of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life—a depiction of “things” as people experience them
* Hearing, seeing, believing, feeling, remembering, deciding, and evaluating
Relies of in-depth interviews
Bracketing
The process of identifying & holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs & opinions about the phenomenon under study
Interpretive Phenomenology
Based on philosophy of Heidegger; Heideggerian:
* Hermeneutics as a basic characteristic of human
existence
Emphasis on interpreting and understanding experience, not just describing it
Bracketing does NOT occur
Relies on in-depth interviews and supplementary data
sources: texts, artistic expressions
Grounded Theory
Developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967), whose
theoretical roots were in symbolic interaction: how
people make sense of social interactions
Focuses on social psychological processes and social
structures
Data collection, data analysis, and sampling occur
simultaneously
Primary Data Sources of Grounded Theory
In-depth interviews with 20 to 30 people; may be supplemented with observations, written documents
Constant Comparison
Used to develop and refine theoretically relevant categories
* Categories elicited from the data are
constantly compared with data obtained
earlier so that commonalities and variations
can be detected.
* Comparing incident to incident
What is the focus of constant comparison?
Focus is on understanding a central concern or
core variable
Case Studies
These focus on a thorough description and explanation of a single case or small number of cases.
Cases can be individuals, families, groups, organizations, or communities.
Data often are collected over an extended period
Case Study Example
Graneheim (2015) conducted an in-depth case study
that focused on the interactions between professional
caregivers and one woman with schizophrenia and
dementia
Narrative Analysis
Texts that provide detailed stories are sometimes
analyzed through narrative analysis.
There are numerous approaches to analyzing texts
Descriptive Qualitative Studies
Descriptive qualitative studies tend to be eclectic
in their designs and methods and are based on
the general premises of constructivist inquiry.
Such descriptive studies seek to holistically
describe phenomena as they are perceived by the
people who experience them.
The researchers may say that they did a content
analysis of the narrative data with the intent of
understanding important themes and patterns
Critical Theory Research
Concerned with a critique of existing social
structures and with envisioning new
possibilities
Critical Ethnography
Focuses on raising consciousness in the hope of effecting social change
Critical ethnographers attempt to increase
the political dimensions of cultural research
and undermine oppressive systems
What is the key objective of critical ethnography?
Transformation is the key. objective
Critical Ethnography Example
Speechley and colleagues (2015) developed an
“ethnodrama” to catalyze dialogue in home-based
dementia care. This ethnodrama followed people
living with dementia and their caregivers. The
script was designed to disseminate their research
findings that fosters actionable dialogue.
Feminist Research
Focuses on how gender domination and discrimination shape women’s lives and their consciousness
Feminist Research Example
Sutherland (2016) used a critical feminist lens in their study of the processes that shape gender inequities in hospice and palliative care for seniors with cancer.
Participatory action research (PAR)
Produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression
Participatory Action Research Example
Baird (2015) used community-based action
research to explore the partnership between
researchers, students, and South Sudanese
refugee women to address health challenges
stemming from the women’s resettlement to
the United States.
Guidelines for
Quinn studied the experience of learning about a
Viator explored how pregnant women managed the process of deciding and arranging a home birth.
A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory
C) Grounded Theory
