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BMSC 200 > Chapter 10 + Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 10 + Quiz Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are four physiological roles of nucleotides?

A

1) Energy currency (ATP)
2) Signaling molecules (cAMP)
3) Enzyme co-factors (NAD, FAD)
4) Building blocks of nucleic acids

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2
Q

What are two physiological roles of nucleic acids?

A

1) Genetic information (DNA, RNA)
2) Protein synthesis (DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

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3
Q

Nucleotides all share 3 components:

A

1) Ribose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
2) Nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine)
3) Phosphate(s)

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4
Q

All nucleotides contain a _____ backbone

A

ribose

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5
Q

Ribose within nucleotides is in a _____ form

A

cyclized (β-D-ribofuranose)

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6
Q

For DNA, 2’ carbon of the ribose is in the ____ form

A

deoxy

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7
Q

RNA contains _____; DNA contains _____

A

ribose, deoxyribose

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8
Q

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

A

Purines and pyrimidines

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9
Q

Which of these has a single ring, and which has a two ring system: purines or pyrimidines?

A

Pyrimidines: single ring
Purines: two ring system

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10
Q

Nitrogenous bases are ____ and relatively ___-____

A

planar, non-polar

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11
Q

There are five standard nitrogenous bases, which is common to DNA and RNA, and what differs?

A

Common: adenine, guanine, cytosine
Different: DNA=thymine, RNA=uracil

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12
Q

Which of the bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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13
Q

Which of the bases are pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine

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14
Q

Nitrogenous bases link to ribose through _______ bonds

A

N-glycosidic

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15
Q

All the nitrogenous bases link to ___ of the sugar

A

C1’

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16
Q

In purines, N-glycosidic bond is to __ of nitrogenous base; in pyrimidines, N-glycosidic bond is to ___ of nitrogenous base

A

N9, N1

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17
Q

Nucleotides and nucleosides differ in whether they are..?

A

phosphorylated at the C5’ position

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18
Q

Nucleotides are _____ nucleosides

A

phosphorylated

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19
Q

For the nomenclature of nucleosides and nucleotides, what are three things to look at..?

A

1) Which nitrogenous base is present (base name)
2) Is the sugar ribose or deoxyribose (deoxy prefix)
3) Are there phosphoryl groups (suffix of -osine from nucleosides; -ylate for nucleotides)

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20
Q

Describe energy transfer in nucleotides? (x2)

A

1) Anhydride linkages in ATP are high energy bonds
2) The energy released from the hydrolysis of these bonds drives many biochemical reactions

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21
Q

Describe signal transduction in nucleotides? (x2)

A

1) Cyclic AMP, formed from ATP in a reaction catalyzed by adenylyl cyclase
2) Common intracellular messenger produced in response to hormones

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22
Q

Nucleotides form linear nucleic strands through 3’-5’ _____ linkages

A

phosphodiester

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23
Q

3’-5’ phosphodiester bonds are ____ in DNA
and RNA

A

identical

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24
Q

3’-5’ phosphodiester linkages are identical, ____ of the nucleotides being joined

A

independent

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25
The strand of sugars linked by phosphodiester bridges is called the _____ of nucleic acid
backbone
26
What uniquely characterizes a nucleic acid?
The sequences of bases
27
Nucleic acid strands have a direction and their sequences are presented __ -> __
5’, 3’
28
Sequences of bases is a form of ____ information
linear
29
RNA is single-stranded but can adopt..?
complex three-dimensional structures
30
This kind of RNA is an integral part of ribosomes, ~80% of RNA in cells, what is it?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
31
This kind of RNA carries activated amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis (small molecules 73-95 nucleotides long), what is it?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
32
This kind of RNA is a code for proteins; contains triplet codons that specify the amino acid sequence of a protein, what is it?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
33
This kind of RNA are short oligonucleotides (22-24 nts in length) that function in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, what is it?
Micro RNA (miRNA)
34
The 2’ hydroxyl group of RNA increases its susceptibility to base hydrolysis at the ______ linkage
phosphodiester
35
Two helical DNA strands coiled around a common axis forming a ____-handed double helix.
right
36
The strands run in ____ directions and are ____ to each other
opposite, complimentary
37
Sugar-phosphate backbones are on the ___ of the helix, nitrogenous bases on the ____
outside, inside
38
Base pairs are _____ to helix axis
perpendicular
39
Watson-Crick base pairing matches a ____ with a ____ to give a constant helix diameter
purine, pyrimidine
40
The specificity of Watson-Crick base pairing is largely determined by the ____ bonding groups of the nitrogenous bases
hydrogen
41
What is the formula for Chargaff’s Rule?
A+G=T+C
42
Number of purines ? the number of pyrimidines in duplex DNA
=
43
The A-T and G-C hydrogen bonded pairs are ___ and have ____ dimensions
planar, same
44
What are the weak forces stabilize the double helix?
1) Hydrophobic effects 2) Stacking interactions 3) Hydrogen bonds 4) Charge-Charge interactions
45
What are the hydrophobic forces that stabilize the double helix?
Burying the purine and pyrimidine rings in the interior of helix
46
What are the stacking interactions that stabilize the double helix?
Stacked base pair form Van de Waals contacts
47
What are the hydrogen bonds that stabilize the double helix?
Hydrogen bonding between base pairs
48
What are the charge-charge interactions that stabilize the double helix?
Electrostatic repulsion of negatively charged phosphate groups is decreased by cations and cationic proteins
49
Many proteins bind DNA in a _____-_____ fashion (restriction enzymes, transcription factors)
sequence-specific
50
A double helix has two grooves of unequal width: ___ groove and ____ groove
major, minor
51
_____ ____ recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences
Restriction endonucleases
52
Host cells protect their own DNA by ____ _____ of bases at the restriction site (e.g. methylation)
covalent modification
53
Restriction enzymes cut at ____ sequences
palindrome
54
Treating DNA from different individuals with restriction enzymes will..?
break DNA into pieces
55
What is Denaturation?
Complete separation of double-stranded DNA by heat or chemical agents
56
Denaturation of DNA is a _____ process
cooperative
57
What is Annealing?
Reforming the double-stranded helix from single strands.
58
What is it called when the temperature at which half the DNA has become single stranded
Melting point (Tm)
59
Melting temperatures reflect sequence compositions; the ___ the GC content the ___ the Tm
higher, higher
60
DNA and RNA ____ are the primary enzymes for synthesizing nucleic acids
polymerases
61
All polymerases synthesize nucleic acids in the __ to __ direction
5', 3'
62
Incoming residues are added to the __ end of the growing strand
3’
63
Incoming residues are selected to be _____ to the template strand
complimentary
64
_______ takes advantage of the ability for each DNA strand to serve as a template for production of a complimentary strand.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
65
PCR uses ____-____ enzymes to make new DNA
heat-stable
66
A first level of DNA packaging involves formation of _____
nucleosomes
67
Nucleosome “beads” are..?
DNA-histone complexes on a “string” of double-stranded DNA
68
What are histones?
DNA packaging proteins
69
Histones are highly ____ and _____ charged
conserved, positively
70
What are the five histone proteins?
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
71
Nucleosome composed of..?
Two molecules of each H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and 146 base pairs of DNA
72
__ binds the region of linker DNA
H1
73
Histones are ____ modified to regulate their interaction with DNA
reversibly
74
Size of a gene may be estimated from the size of the..?
corresponding protein
75
Describe the bacterial genome (x4)
1) Millions of base pairs 2) Closed, circular genome 3) No internal interruptions (introns) 4) Bacteria may have additional genetic info in the for of plasmids
76
What are plasmids?
1) Plasmids are non-chromosomal DNA 2) Many plasmids encode info for resistance to antibiotics 3) May be isolated and manipulated
77
Describe the eukaryotic genome (x3)
1) Different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes 2) Each chromosome has a characteristic set of genes 3) Linear
78
What are telomeres?
Ends of chromosomes containing repeating sequences
79
Some organelles may contain additional DNA distinct from that of the nucleus, what are 2 examples?
Mitochondria, chloroplasts
80
Most eukaryotic genes interrupted by non-coding intervening sequences called?
introns
81
__ contain protein-coding information
Exons
82
Introns vary in ___, _____ and _____
size, number, position
83
Introns removed from mRNA ____ translation
prior
84
In response to environmental influences, our genetic material can be _____ modified
covalently
85
Can modification of DNA be heritable?
Yes
86
Epigenetics refers to..?
Functionally relevant changes to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence
87
Epigenetic changes can alter patterns of gene expression (and associated phenotypes) without altering the..?
underlying DNA sequence
88
Denaturation of DNA is _____?
cooperative
89
Nucleosomes form through..?
electrostatic complexes between histone proteins and DNA
90
Bacterial and human genomes are structurally similar in that they both..?
are made from double-stranded DNA
91
The DNA strand 5’-ATGCTCA-3’ could form a stable duplex with which RNA strand?
5'-UGAGCAU -3'
92
A nucleic acid sample has a composition of 30%A, 25%C, 20% G and 25% U. What is the most likely conclusion?
The sample is likely single stranded RNA
93
For a DNA strand of the sequence 5’-TCCTACA-3’ the complementary strand will be..?
5’-TGTAGGA -3’

BMSC 200 (11 decks)

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