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BMSC 200 > Chapter 7 + Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 7 + Quiz Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 7 physiological roles of carbohydrates?

A

Sources of Energy, Energy Storage, Structural Roles, Cellular interaction, Cellular Identification, Information Transfer (DNA and RNA), Signaling

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2
Q

Carbohydrates have empirical formulas of _____ where n ≥ ?

A

(CH2O)n, 3 (usually 3-6)

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3
Q

What are the two major classes of carbohydrates, and which groups do they contain?

A
  1. Aldoses - aldehyde groups
  2. Ketoses - ketone groups
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4
Q

What is the structure of Dihydroxyacetone?

A

O double bonded to C, then 2 CH2OH single bonded at 45 degrees from the C

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5
Q

What is the structure of D-Glyceraldehyde?

A

Starting with a central C. Directly below single bonded is a CH2OH. To the left of central C, is a single bonded H. To the right of the central C is a single bonded OH. Above the central C is a single bonded C, going off the top C is a single bonded H 45 degrees to the right, and a double bonded O 45 degrees to the left

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6
Q

Most monosaccharides have ____ asymmetric carbons

A

multiple

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7
Q

The designation of a sugar as either D or L is based on ..?

A

The configuration of the chiral carbon most distant from the carbonyl oxygen

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8
Q

The designation of D or L is relative to..?

A

The reference molecule D-glyceraldehyde

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9
Q

Molecules with n chiral centers will have ___ stereoisomers

A

2^n. e.g. 4 chiral centers -> 16 stereoisomers

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10
Q

What are the 6 common sugars?

A
  1. D-Ribose, 2. D-Deoxyribose, 3. D-Glucose, 4. D-Mannose, 5. D-Galactose, 6. D-Fructose
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11
Q

In solution, longer carbohydrates (5 carbons and up) tend to be _____

A

cyclized

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12
Q

Cyclized carbohydrates can be found in two in two ring forms: ?

A
  1. Six-membered sugar ring - pyranose
  2. Five-membered sugar ring - furanose
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13
Q

Cyclization of glucose to glucopyranose involves the __ hydroxyl and the __ aldehyde. Cyclization renders C1 chiral, producing two stereoisomers, __ __ ___

A

C5, C1, α and β

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14
Q

What is the anomeric carbon?

A

The carbon that becomes chiral as a result of cyclization.

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15
Q

The __ and __ forms are anomers of each other

A

α - hydroxyl of anomeric carbon is below the plane of the sugar
β - hydroxyl of anomeric carbon is above the plane of the sugar

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16
Q

In solution, the α and β configurations interconvert by a process called ______

A

mutarotation

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17
Q

Mutarotation occurs through a ___ _____ and represents a change in ______

A

linear intermediate, configuration

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18
Q

In solution, glucose tends to be 2/3 __-_______, 1/3 __-______ and less than 1% _____

A

β-glucopyranose, α-glucopyranose, linear

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19
Q

Describe the cyclization of D-Fructose to Fructofuranose

A

Involves the C5 hydroxyl and the C2 ketone. Cyclization renders C2 chiral (anomeric carbon), producing α and β stereoisomers

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20
Q

True or False: fructose exists in both pyran and furan rings?

A

True

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21
Q

Linear forms of monosaccharides can be oxidized by..? The carbonyl group is oxidized to a ____ group

A

mild oxidizing agents like iron and copper. carboxyl

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22
Q

When the carbonyl group is oxidized to a carboxyl group, it allows for ______ of sugars present in blood or urine. Also defines the end of the sugar with the carbonyl carbon as being the ____ end

A

quantifications, reducing

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23
Q

What is a glycosidic bond, and what are the two types and how do they occur?

A

Primary structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccharides
* O-glycosidic bonds occur through oxygen
* N-glycosidic bonds occur through nitrogen

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24
Q

The end of the chain with a free anomeric carbon is called the ____ end of the polymer

A

reducing

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25
What do the 4 components of the nomenclature of a disaccharide specify?
1. The monosaccharides involved in the disaccharide. 2. Their ring types (puran, furan). 3. Their configurations (alpha or beta). 4. Their linkages (C1-C4, etc).
26
Monosaccharides that have multiple hydroxyl groups means that there are many different ____ linkages are possible
glycosidic
27
Higher order carbohydrate structures are generated through the action of _______
glycosyltransferases
28
Glycosyltransferases use monosaccharides that are activated through..?
linkage with UDP
29
What are the 5 steps in determining disaccharide nomenclature?
1) Specify the configuration (alpha or beta) at the anomeric carbon of each monosaccharide. 2) Specify the ring form (furan or pyran) of each monosaccharide. 3) The non-reducing sugar has the suffix “osyl”. 4) The reducing sugar has the suffix “ose”. 5) Indicate in parentheses the two carbon atoms joined by the glycosidic bond with an arrow.
30
Lactose intolerant individuals have insufficient levels of the enzyme (lactase) that catalyzes the ______ of lactose into glucose and galactose
hydrolysis
31
True or False: polysaccharides have limited structures and functions?
False, polysaccharides have diverse structures and functions.
32
What are some biological functions of polysaccharides?
Energy storage, structural roles, cushioning and lubrication
33
What are homopolysaccharides?
Polymers containing a single type of monosaccharide
34
What are heterosaccharides?
Polymers containing more than one type of monosaccharide
35
True or False: both hetero and homopolysaccharides can be either unbranched or branched?
True
36
Glucose is stored _____ in polymeric forms in both plants (starch) and animals (glycogen)
intracellularly
37
True or False: starch and glycogen are both heavily hydrated structures?
True
38
What is starch, and where is it found?
A mixture of two molecules, amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched) and is found in plants and fungi.
39
Where is glycogen stored?
Stored in liver and skeletal muscle of animals
40
What is amylose?
A linear polymer of glucose residues through α(1-4) bonds
41
What is amylopectin?
Consists of α(1-4) linked glucose residues with α(1-6) branch points every 24-30 residues
42
Does amylose or amylopectin have a single reducing end?
They both have a single reducing end
43
Does amylose or amylopectin have a single non-reducing end?
Amylose
44
Does amylose or amylopectin have multiple non-reducing ends?
Amylopectin
45
What is the structure of glycogen?
Structurally identical to amylopectin: consists of α(1-4) linked glucose residues with α(1-6) branch points but with a higher frequency of branch points (every 10 residues)
46
Greater frequency of branching allows for _____ ______
rapid mobilization
47
Glycogen is mobilized in times of need by ____ ______ which sequential cleaves glucose residues from non-reducing ends
glycogen phosphorylase
48
Cellulose is the primary component of..?
plant cell walls (fiber)
49
Which chemical compound accounts for over half of the carbon in the biosphere?
Cellulose
50
What is the structure of cellulose?
Linear, homopolysaccharide of glucose residues. It has a linear arrangement of β(1-4) glycosidic residues.
51
Cellulose has a linear arrangement of β(1-4) glycosidic residues. Can these bonds be cut by amylase?
No
52
Chitin is the principal component of..?
hard exoskeletons (insects, lobsters, etc).
53
What is the structure of chitin?
A linear, homopolysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine residues
54
What is the chemical difference between chitin and cellulose?
The replacement of hydroxyl group at C2 with acetylated amino group
55
The β 1-4 linkages of cellulose and chitin allow formation of..?
long straight chains
56
Fibrils are formed by _____ _____ that are linked through ____ _____. These fibers generate a rigid supportive structure of high ____ _____.
parallel chains, hydrogen bonds, tensile strength
57
The α 1-4 linkages of starch and glycogen form a ___, ____ structure. This provides a compact, accessible storage structure of
hollow, helical, glucose
58
Sugars are covalently linked to lipid molecules to form _____
glycolipids
59
What is a central function of glycolipids?
Blood group antigens
60
Different patterns of sugars presented on the surface of cells by the glycolipids help the body to discriminate..?
self from non-self
61
Differences in the blood group antigens are critical for..?
blood transfusions
62
What are glycoproteins? (x3)
1. Proteins with covalently attached sugars. 2. The protein constituent is the largest component by weight. 3. Serve a variety of biological roles.
63
What are proteoglycans? (x3)
1. Protein component is linked to to a particular type of carbohydrate called a glycosaminoglycan 2. The carbohydrate constituent is the largest component by weight. 3. Often serve structural and lubricating functions
64
Glycoproteins are proteins that undergo post-translational ______, which is the..?
glycosylation, addition of sugar groups
65
About half of biological proteins are modified with sugar groups. These modifications regulate ___________ and often involve ___________ of sugar attachment.
the structure and function of the protein, complex and specific patterns
66
In glycoproteins, the sugars are attached to either..?
1. the amide nitrogen of the side chain of an asparagine (N-linked). 2. the hydroxyl oxygen of the side chain of serine or threonine (O-linked).
67
Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates ___ _____ ____ production and has __ N-linked and __ O-linked glycosylation.
red blood cell, 3, 1
68
EPO is highly effective in the treatment of _____
anemia (red blood cell deficiency)
69
Extracellular space in tissues contains a gel-like material called the..?
Extracellular matrix (ground substance)
70
What is the purpose of Ground Substance?
Holds cells together, provides a porous pathway for diffusion of nutrients/waste products and serves a cushioning function
71
Extracellular matrix is a meshwork of fibrous proteins and heteropolysaccharides called the ________
glycosaminoglycans
72
True or False: Alpha-galactopyranose and beta-galactopyranose are anomers?
True
73
True or False: does cellulose contain beta 1-4 linkages?
True
74
For fructose in the furan ring form, which carbon is the anomeric carbon?
C2
75
For glucose in the pyran ring form, which carbon is the anomeric carbon?
C1
76
How many stereoisomers exist for glucose in the linear form?
16

BMSC 200 (11 decks)

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