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BMSC 200 > Chapter 3 + Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 3 + Quiz Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

Proteins are ___ ___ of amino acids

A

Linear polymers

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3
Q

All proteins are produced from ___ standard amino acids

A

20

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4
Q

The twenty building blocks enables what?

A

A great diversity of sequences

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5
Q

What are some distinct advantages of creating biomolecules as polymers of smaller, simpler building blocks?

A
  1. Simplicity of chemistry
  2. Recycling
  3. Diversity
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6
Q

What are the common features of amino acids?

A
  1. A hydrogen
  2. A Central Alpha Carbon
  3. An Amino Group (NH3+)
  4. A Side Chain Group (R)
  5. A Carboxyl Group (COO-)
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7
Q

The 20 amino acids differ in which feature?

A

Their side chain groups (R)

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8
Q

True or False: the side chains define the unique characteristics of each amino acid?

A

True

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9
Q

What is a chiral center? Which of the 20 acids does not have a chiral center?

A

When the alpha carbon is bonded to four different groups, this is true for all amino acids except glycine

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10
Q

The four different groups in a chiral center occupy unique spatial arrangements, giving different ______ labelled as the L and D ___.

A

Stereoisomers, isomers

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11
Q

Biologically, proteins are made almost exclusively from which amino acids, L or D?

A

L amino acids

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12
Q

There are 7 different possible groupings, what are they?

A

Aliphatics, Aromatics, Alcohols, Basics, Sulfurs, Acids, Amides

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13
Q

Describe Aliphatics

A
  1. mainly hydrocarbon side chains
  2. All non-polar
  3. Proline is often found at polypeptide turns, usually with glycine
  4. Methionine technically can be classified here
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14
Q

What is the saying for aliphatics?

A

Glaciers in Alaska Valiantly Locate Isolated Prowlers

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15
Q

Which Amino Acids fall under the Aliphatic grouping?

A

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline

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16
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for Glycine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. GLY, G
  2. H underneath linked by a single bond
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17
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for Alanine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. ALA, A
  2. CH3 underneath linked by a single bond
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18
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for valine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. VAL, V
  2. CH underneath linked by a single bond, 2 CH3 linked underneath by a single bond at 45°
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19
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for leucine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. LEU, L
  2. CH2 underneath linked by a single bond, CH underneath linked by a single bond, 2 CH3 linked underneath by a single bond at 45°
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20
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for isoleucine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. ISE, I
  2. CH underneath by a single bond, CH2 underneath by a single bond, CH3 underneath by a single bond. CH3 linked to the left of CH by a single bond.
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21
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for proline? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A

Going Clockwise: CH2 down/right by a single bond, CH2 down/left by a single bond, CH2 up/left which also connects to H2N+ (instead of NH3+)

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22
Q

Describe Aromatics

A
  1. Histidine can also be classified here
  2. Tyrosine can be post-translation modified through phosphorylation.
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23
Q

What is phosphorylation and what amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A

Phosphorylation is a mechanism to regulate protein function. Tyrosine, and amino acids with hydroxyl groups (Serine and Threonine) also can be phosphorylated

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24
Q

What is the saying for Aromatics?

A

The aroma of fine Pine and yellow Timber makes it worth the Tryp

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25
Which Amino Acids fall under the Aromatic grouping?
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan
26
What is the abbreviation/single letter for Phenylalanine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. PHE, F 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, hexagon ring underneath by a single bond
27
What is the abbreviation/single letter for tyrosine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. TYR, Y 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, hexagon ring underneath by a single bond, OH underneath by a single bond
28
What is the abbreviation/single letter for tryptophan? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. TRP, W 2. CH underneath by a single bond, pentagon ring underneath by a single bond, NH in the bottom right corner, hexagon ring to the left of the pentagon ring
29
What is post-translational modification?
Certain amino acids can be covalently modified after their incorporation into a protein. These modifications are often reversible. Phosphorylation is an example of this.
30
Which of the amino acids are considered polar, but uncharged?
Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Serine, Threonine
31
What is the saying for Sulfurs?
Methodically Check for sulfur along the way
32
Which Amino Acids fall under the Sulfur grouping?
Cysteine and Methionine
33
What is the abbreviation/single letter for cysteine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. CYS, C 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, SH underneath by a single bond
34
What is the abbreviation/single letter for methionine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. MET, M 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, CH2 underneath by a single bond, S underneath by a single bond, CH3 underneath by a single bond
35
What is so important with the amino acids that contain sulfur?
They contain disulfide bonds
36
Describe disulfide bonds
From through the oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups to form a covalent linkage. They stabilize protein structures. They can be inter/intramolecular
37
Which amino acids are considered positively charged?
Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine. They all carry a net charge of +1 at physiological pH
38
In many enzymatic reactions, _____ serves as a proton acceptor/donor
Histidine
39
Which amino acids are considered negatively charged?
Aspartate and Glutamate. Which carry a net charge of -1 at physiological pH
40
____ is responsible for one of the five basic tastes (umami)
Glutamate
41
Describe Alcohols
1. They are all polar 2. Threonine has a chiral carbon
42
What is the saying for Alcohols?
Alcohol is a Serious Threat
43
Which Amino Acids fall under the Alcohols grouping?
Serine and Threonine
44
What is the abbreviation/single letter for serine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. SER, S 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, OH underneath by a single bond
45
What is the abbreviation/single letter for threonine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. THR, T 2. CH underneath by a single bond, CH3 underneath by a single bond, OH to the left of CH by a single bond
46
Describe Basics
1. All charged 2. Histidine has a ring
47
What is the saying for Basics?
Basically, His Lost kid Always returned
48
Which Amino Acids fall under the Basics grouping?
Histidine, Lysine, Arginine
49
What is the abbreviation/single letter for histidine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. HIS, H 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, pentagon ring underneath by a single bond, N with 2 dots in top right corner, HN in bottom left corner
50
What is the abbreviation/single letter for lysine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. LYS, K 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond (x4), NH3+ underneath by a single bond
51
What is the abbreviation/single letter for arginine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. ARG, R 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond (x3), NH underneath by a single bond, H2N to the bottom/left by a single bond, NH2+ to the bottom/right by a single bond
52
Describe Acids
1. All are charged 2. Generally neurotransmitters
53
What is the saying for Acids?
As peter digested the Glue, his stomach became acidic
54
Which Amino Acids fall under the Acids grouping?
Aspartate and Glutamate
55
What is the abbreviation/single letter for aspartate? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. ASP, D 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, COO- underneath by a single bond
56
What is the abbreviation/single letter for glutamate? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. GLU, E 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond (x2), COO- underneath by a single bond
57
Describe Amides
1. All are polar
58
What is the saying for Amides?
Amid the neatly stacked Asparagus lies the Glutinous Quail
59
Which Amino Acids fall under the Amides grouping?
Asparagine and Glutamine
60
What is the abbreviation/single letter for asparagine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. ASN, N 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, C underneath by a single bond, H2N bottom/left by a single bond, O bottom/right by a double bond
61
What is the abbreviation/single letter for glutamine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?
1. GLN, Q 2. CH2 underneath by a single bond (x2) , C underneath by a single bond, H2N bottom/left by a single bond, O bottom/right by a double bond
62
Every amino acid has at least two groups that accept and donate protons, what are they called?
Diprotic
63
All amino acids have the alpha carbon ____ group and _____ groups
Carboxyl, amino
64
Amino acids that have ionizable groups in their side chains are considered what?
Triprotic
65
Which amino acids are triprotic?
Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartate, Glutamate, Cysteine, and Tyrosine
66
Diprotics have ___ buffering regions, triprotics have ___
2, 3
67
What are the 3 ionizable groups in the amino acids?
1. Carboxyl group 2. Amino group 3. Side chains of the triprotic amino acids
68
Each ionizable group has a specific pKa. This is the pH at which that groups changes its ..?
Protonation state, HA <---> A- + H+
69
When pH is ___ the pKa, the protonated form predominated (HA)
Below
70
When pH is ____ the pKa, the unprotonated form predominates (A-)
Above
71
All amino acids have both carboxyl and an amino groups. what are their respective pKas?
Carboxyl: ~2.0 Amino: ~10.0
72
At pH ___ these groups will be in the COO- and NH3+ forms
7.4
73
What is a zwitterion?
The dipolar ion of an amino acid
74
What is the isoelectric point (pI)?
The pH at which the net charge on the molecule is equal to 0

BMSC 200 (11 decks)

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