Chapter 10 Review Sheet

Question 1

What are the four categories of attention?

Answer 1

1. Alertness and Arousal
2. Vigilance
3. Selective Attention
4. Divided Attention

Question 2

What is Alertness and Arousal?

Answer 2

It is the most basic level of attention

Question 3

What is an extreme example of Alertness and Arousal?

Answer 3

A Coma
- this is because you can extract little to no information from the environment in this state

Question 4

What is vigilance?

Answer 4

the ability to maintain alertness continuously over time

Question 5

What is an example of vigilance?

Answer 5

when you have to pay attention during a lecture that is over an hour long

Question 6

What is Selective attention?

Answer 6

the selection of information essential to a task

Question 7

What is an example of selective attention?

Answer 7

when you try to attend a conversation while drowning out music in the background

Question 8

Which brain system is responsible for the overall arousal and controls the sleep-wake cycles?

Answer 8

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Question 9

What happens when the ascending reticular activating system is damaged?

Answer 9

a coma

Question 10

Which system of the ARAS does this describe? The ventral or dorsal system?

• Projects to the cortex via the thalamus
• Relies on the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine

Answer 10

Dorsal ARAS System

Question 11

Which system of the ARAS does this describe? The ventral or dorsal system?

• Projects to the cortex via the basal forebrain
• One branch originating in the raphe relies on the neurotransmitter Serotonin (5-HT)
• The other branch originating in the locus coeruleus relies on Norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 11

Ventral ARAS System

Question 12

What does ARAS stand for?

Answer 12

Ascending Reticular Activating System

Question 13

Which regions of the thalamus are involved in the function of mediating arousal?

Answer 13

medial dorsal, intralaminar, and reticular nuclei

Question 14

Damage to the thalamic nuclei might cause…?

Answer 14

a Coma

Question 15

Which two neurotransmitter systems play a role in vigilance and sustained attention?

Answer 15

the Cholinergic (ACh) and Noradrenergic (NA) systems

Question 16

The greater the effort required to sustain attention, the larger the release of ______

Answer 16

Acetylcholine

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter system helps to alert the brain to prepare to receive information?

Answer 17

Noradrenergic system

Question 18

What is Bottom-Up attentional selection?

Answer 18

some intrinsic aspect of the stimulus itself causes it to be attended

ex: a loud noise grabs your attention

Question 19

What is Top-down attentional selection?

Answer 19

the person determines how to direct his or her attention

ex: directing your attention to a particular point in space, at an object, or a person

Question 20

What is a saccade?

Answer 20

an eye movement in which the eyes jump from one position to the next with no processing of the intervening visual information

Question 21

What are the two types of saccade? Which one is faster?

Answer 21

• Express saccades (reflexive and are faster)
• Regular saccades

Question 22

What brain structure is associated with saccades?

Answer 22

The Superior Colliculus

Question 23

What are the two brain regions involved in mediating attentional selection?

Answer 23

• Lateral geniculate nucleus
• Pulvinar

Question 24

What structure integrates information from the superior parietal lobe and inferior parietal lobe?

Answer 24

The Parietal Lobe

Question 25

Which portion of the parietal lobe is associated with top-down attentional selection?

Answer 25

Superior Parietal Lobe

Question 26

Which portion of the parietal lobe is associated with bottom-up attentional control?

Answer 26

Inferior Parietal Lobe

Question 27

What is Feature Search?

Answer 27

where you are looking for ONE feature such as a color

Question 28

What is Conjugation Search?

Answer 28

searching for a conjunction of features (MULTIPLE) such as color and shape

Question 29

What is a salience map?

Answer 29

a map that is a result of bottom-up and top-down attentional control - It is used to help prioritize where attention should be directed

Question 30

What brain area plays a large role in salience maps?

Answer 30

The Intraparietal Sulcus

Question 31

Which frontal regions are involved in attentional control?

Answer 31

Prefrontal regions: Frontal Eye Field (FEF) and Supplementary Eye Field (SEF)

Question 32

When would the frontal regions involved in attentional control be activated?

Answer 32

When there is stimulus that has appeared and is physically present

Question 33

Without Attention:

Answer 33

the observed activity is the average of the two responses

Question 34

Does this describe with or without attention: The additional stimulus reduces the response to the reference stimulus

Answer 34

Without Attention

Question 35

With Attention:

Answer 35

The addition of a second stimulus does not alter the cell's response

Question 36

Does this describe with or without attention: The additional stimulus no longer reduces the response to the second stimulus

Answer 36

With Attention

Question 37

What is Alerting?

Answer 37

allows the brain to maintain a tonic level of arousal and to respond to signals warning of upcoming events

Question 38

The locus coeruleus, thalamic regions and portions of the right hemisphere are associated with which of the following: Alerting, Orienting, or Executive Attention?

Answer 38

Alerting

Question 39

What neurotransmitter is linked to Alerting?

Answer 39

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 40

What is Orienting?

Answer 40

aligns attention with sensory signals and selects among multiple sensory inputs

Question 41

Superior colliculus, parietal areas and frontal eye fields are the components of which of the following: Alerting, Orienting, or Executive Attention?

Answer 41

Orienting

Question 42

What neurotransmitter is linked to Orienting?

Answer 42

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 43

What is Executive Attention?

Answer 43

controls how attention is directed according to goals and desires

Question 44

Basal ganglia, lateral prefrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate are components of which of the following: Alerting, Orienting, or Executive Attention?

Answer 44

Executive Attention

Question 45

What neurotransmitter is associated with Executive Attention?

Answer 45

Dopamine (DA)

Question 46

What is the default network?

Answer 46

A system that is active when individuals are not involved in attentionally demanding tasks

Question 47

What is considered to be the baseline state and is involved in directing attention to internal states?

Answer 47

Default Network

Question 48

What are the three subsystems of the default network?

Answer 48

- The Core-System - The Medial Temporal Subsystem - The Dorsal Medial Subsystem

Question 49

What should you think of when you think of The Core System?

Answer 49

Self-referential processing - allows personal meaning to be constructed from salient infomation

Question 50

What should you think of when you think of The Medial Temporal Subsystem?

Answer 50

Mental stimulation - uses memories to help simulate and imagine novel situations

Question 51

What should you think of when you think of The Dorsal Medial Subsystem?

Answer 51

Mentalizing - allows for "theory of mind" - reflection upon the mental states of other people or one's self

Question 52

What is hemineglect?

Answer 52

individuals ignore, or do not pay attention to, the side of space contralateral to their lesion

Question 53

Hemineglect has different behavioral manifestations that are associated with damage to a diverse set of right hemisphere regions, suggesting it is a ______________ disorder.

Answer 53

heterogenous

Question 54

What is the general idea of treatment for hemineglect?

Answer 54

There must be over or under stimulation of one of the hemispheres. - down-regulate the activity in the left hemisphere - up-regulate activity in the damaged right hemisphere - Caloric Stimulation