Chapter 11 Review Sheet

Question 1

The two component system influences the choice of behavior through which two processes?

Answer 1

Contention scheduling and supervisory attentional system

Question 2

What is contention scheduling?

Answer 2

It enables relatively automatic processing, which has been learned overtime

Question 3

Is automatic processing the same thing as bottom up or top down?

Answer 3

Bottom up

Question 4

What is supervisory attentional system?

Answer 4

Effortfully direct attention. Guides action through decision processes.

Question 5

How does the frontal damage affect the choice of behavior?

Answer 5

• Patient appeared disinhibited which leads to the inability to control behavior of urges
• environmental dependency syndrome; doing someone else’s dishes or hanging a picture in someone else’s house, for example
  -Preservation - repeating the same action or thoughts over and over again

Question 6

Metacognition

Answer 6

The ability to reflect upon a cognitive process

Question 7

Damage to what brain area would disrupt the ability of someone to create a hierarchal goal list?

Answer 7

The frontal lobe

Question 8

What are the three components of the unity and diversity model?

Answer 8

The ability to maintain task goals, shifting specific executive function, and working memory updating executive function

Question 9

What is shifting specific executive function (EF)?

Answer 9

The ability that allows us to switch from task to task

Question 10

What is working memory updating executive function (EF)?

Answer 10

Allows the system to reset information in working memory

Question 11

What is psychological inertia?

Answer 11

Patients with executive dysfunction, poor at starting in action or behavior, but once engaged, they have a great difficulty, stopping it

Question 12

What is the stoop test?

Answer 12

A task requiring one to name the ink color in the face of competing info

Question 13

Patients with which damage brain area are notorious for “wandering off task”?

Answer 13

Frontal lobe damage

Question 14

Damage to which brain area results in difficulty with “ task-switching”?

Answer 14

Lateral prefrontal regions of the left hemisphere

Question 15

Neurons in this brain region can distinguish between tasks that have been accomplished versus the task that are about to be performed

Answer 15

Prefrontal cortex

Question 16

What is the self ordered pointing task?

Answer 16

Individuals are shown in a ray of items, and you were from 6 to 12, all of which were from the same category. Individuals must pick a new item on each trial. Must keep track of items, not location.

Question 17

Deficits in which task are reserved after frontal lobe damage, most notably lateral damage?

Answer 17

The self ordered pointing task

Question 18

Increased activity to which brain area is observed in the tower of London task?

Answer 18

Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 19

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity increases for what type of tasks?

Answer 19

Harder tasks

Question 20

Which region of the brain is important for sequencing and planning?

Answer 20

The dorsolateral prefrontal regions

Question 21

What two tests are the dorsolateral prefrontal regions associated with?

Answer 21

The self ordered pointing task (working memory) and the recent judgment task (short term memory)

Question 22

People with executive dysfunction perseverate, which is the action of continuing to engage in the same behavior, in which task?

Answer 22

The Wisconsin card sorting task

Question 23

Which brain area is involved in detecting errors or determining the worth of a task?

Answer 23

Frontal areas

Question 24

What is a error related negativity?

Answer 24

Evidence for a mechanism that helps monitor our performance and detect savers. It occurs 100 ms after an error has been made.

Question 25

The larger the ______, the larger the amplitude of the ERN

Answer 25

Error

Question 26

What is a error positivity?

Answer 26

The awareness of an error that is in text by Pe. It occurs 200 to 300 ms after the ERN It is also associated with interception

Question 27

What is interception?

Answer 27

The ability to sense the physiological condition of the body

Question 28

What is the oops feeling you feel when you’ve made a big mistake?

Answer 28

Error positivity

Question 29

What is response inhibition?

Answer 29

The inability to stop, interrupt, or abort inappropriate responses

Question 30

What is considered a major subcomponent of executive function and is associated with the frontal lobe?

Answer 30

Response inhibition

Question 31

Something a response has consistently been found to engage in what sided network of regions?

Answer 31

Right

Question 32

What is the go/no go task?

Answer 32

The person responds by pushing a button when certain visual stimulate appear and withholds the response to the other stimuli

Question 33

What is the stop signal task?

Answer 33

The person must respond as quickly as possible to a stimulus that appears on the screen. It differs from the go/go task because in this task, you can cancel an ongoing response instead of overriding the tendency to produce a proponent task.

Question 34

If you want to stop ____ response, the right inferior frontal cortex may send a signal to the subthalamic nucleus via the striatum

Answer 34

One

Question 35

If your goal is a stop ____ motor activity, the signal is sent from the right inferior prefrontal to the subthalamic nucleus

Answer 35

All

Question 36

What is interferance resolution?

Answer 36

The ability to resolve conflicts between competing or distracting information

Question 37

How is interference resolution similar to response inhibition?

Answer 37

Inhibitory tasks load highly on the common executive function factor for maintaining a task set

Question 38

Distinct areas of the frontal polar cortex activate for Vizio spatial analogies as compared to ________ analogies

Answer 38

Semantic

Question 39

Anterior temporal regions involved in semantic processing may also be important for what type of reasoning?

Answer 39

Analogical

Question 40

What is the ventral lateral prerenal cortex?

Answer 40

It is connected to regions of the middle temporal gyrus, and it plays a role in retrieving storage knowledge that allows retrieval of rules

Question 41

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 41

It is more involved in the selecting or influencing of how rules should be used, it is not involved in actually setting the rules

Question 42

Someone with orbital frontal damage will have trouble, exhibiting normal _______ learning, reversing a previous response, and higher order thinking

Answer 42

Reversal

Question 43

What is the frontal polar cortex important for?

Answer 43

Abandoning the current strategy and trying a new one