Chapter 10 - Sexual behaviour

Question 1

a behaviour that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females

Answer 1

sexually dimorphic behaviour

Question 2

a matue reproductive cell; a sperm or an egg

Answer 2

gamete

Question 3

the X or Y chromosomes, which determine an organisms gender.
XX = female, XY=male

Answer 3

sex chromosomes

Question 4

an ovary or testes

Answer 4

gonad

Question 5

the gene on the y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes

Answer 5

sry

Question 6

the effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development

Answer 6

organizational effect of hormone

Question 7

the effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may defend on the organism’s prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones

Answer 7

activational effects

Question 8

the embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs

Answer 8

Mullerian system

Question 9

the embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs

Answer 9

Wolffian system

Question 10

a peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the mullerian system, which would otherwise become the female internal sex organs

Answer 10

anti-mullerian system

Question 11

an effect of a hormone present of early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females

Answer 11

defeminizing effect

Question 12

a male sex steroid hormone. testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen

Answer 12

masculinzing effect

Question 13

the principal androgen found in males

Answer 13

testosterone

Question 14

an androgen, produced from testosterone through action of the enzyme 5a reductase

Answer 14

dihydrotestosterone

Question 15

a condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs

Answer 15

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 16

a condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-mullerian hormone receptors for this hormone; in males, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs

Answer 16

persistant mullerian duct syndrome

Question 17

the presence of only one sex chromosome (an x chromosome); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia.

Answer 17

turner’s syndrome

Question 18

a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone
- starts onset of puberty (under control of kisspeptin)

Answer 18

GnRH

Question 19

a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has stimulating effects on cells of the gonads
- stimulate the gonads to produce their hormones, which is responsible for sexual maturation

Answer 19

gonadotropic hormone

Question 20

the hormone of the anteriour pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum

Answer 20

FSH

Question 21

a hormone of the anterior pituitary that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum.

• causes ovulation, follicle reptures, and releases ovum.
• ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum which produces estradoil and progesterone.

Answer 21

LH (leuteinizing hormone)

Question 22

the principal estrogen of many mammals, including humans

Answer 22

estradoil

Question 23

a class of sex hormones that cause maturation of the female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristic of females

Answer 23

estrogen

Question 24

the female reproductive cycle of most primates; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of a corpus luteum and menstruation

Answer 24

menstrual cycle

Question 25

the female reproductive cycle of mammals other tan primates

Answer 25

estrous cycle

Question 26

a cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum

Answer 26

ovarian follicle

Question 27

a cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradoil and progesterone

Answer 27

corpus leteum

Question 28

a steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstral cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradoil it promotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycle - promotes pregnancy

Answer 28

progesterone

Question 29

a period of time after a particular action during which that action cannot occur again

Answer 29

refractory period

Question 30

the restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become "exhausted" by sexual activity

Answer 30

coolidge effect

Question 31

a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the milk ducts, the uterus, and the male ejaculatory system; also serves as a NT in the brain

Answer 31

oxytocin

Question 32

a spinal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals; arching of the back in reponse to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters

Answer 32

lordosis

Question 33

a chemical released by one animal that effects the behaviour of physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted

Answer 33

pheromones

Question 34

the slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in animals urine; first observed in mice

Answer 34

lee-boot effect

Question 35

the synchronization of menstral or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male's urine

Answer 35

whitten effect

Question 36

the earlier the onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by pheromones in the male's urine

Answer 36

vandenbergh effect

Question 37

termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female

Answer 37

bruce effect

Question 38

a sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones

Answer 38

VNO

Question 39

a neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives information from the VNO

Answer 39

accessory olfractory buld

Question 40

a nucleus that receives olfractory information from the olfractory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb; involved in the effects of odors and pheromones on reproductive behaviour

Answer 40

medial nucleus of the amygdala

Question 41

a condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinisatioin of the external genitalia

Answer 41

CAH

Question 42

females ovaries produce

Answer 42

``` ova estradoil (estrogens) ```

Question 43

male testes produce

Answer 43

sperm cells | androgens (testosterone)

Question 44

produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus). | - essential for initiation of puberty and maintenance of male and female reproductive ability

Answer 44

kisspeptin

Question 45

estadoil in females

Answer 45

breast development, growth of lining of uterus, changes in deposition of body fat, maturation of female genitalia

Question 46

androgens in males

Answer 46

stimulate growth of facial hair, underarm, and pubic hair, lower the voice, alter hairline on head, stimulate muscular development, genital growth

Question 47

entry of penis into vagina

Answer 47

intromission

Question 48

discharge of seman

Answer 48

pelvic thrusting

Question 49

sequence of estradiol followed by progesterone has 3 effects on female rats

Answer 49

1) receptivity - ability and willingness to copulate 2) proceptivity - eagerness to copulate 3) Attractiveness - psycholigcal and behavioural chanes that affect the male (odor and her behaviour)

Question 50

effects of pheromones

Answer 50

AOM sends axons to medial nucleus of amygdala (MeA) projects to anterior and ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus.

Question 51

adrenal glands secrete abnormal amounts of androgen's prenatal masculinization boys normal - girls enlarged clitoris

Answer 51

CAH

Question 52

birth of a boy with normal teste by lack of penis

Answer 52

cloacal exstrophy

Question 53

sexually dimorphic region of hypothalamus, anteriour commissure - within MPA - larger in males than in females - controlled by amount of androgens during fetal development - critical period 18th day of gestation - lesions decrase masculine sexual behaviour

Answer 53

SDN

Question 54

BNST

Answer 54

larger in males than females male-to-female transsexuals, BNST is same size as females female-to-male transexualds, BNST is the same size as in males size of BNST was as large in male homosexuals as in male heterosexuals - size related to sexual identity, not sexual orientation.

Question 55

unicatie nucleus of hypothalamus (medial preoptic area in rats)

Answer 55

twice as large in males than females | size in male-to-female transsexuals is about the same as that of females (similar to BNST)

Question 56

neurons in the unicate nucleus send project to

Answer 56

BNST | - neural circuity that affects a person's sexual identity

Question 57

medial preoptic area

Answer 57

gets input from OB and AOB - lesions abolish sex behaviour in male rodents - mediates effects of pheromones on male sex behaviour - recieves input from MeA and BNST - recieves somatosensory information from genitals through connections with CTF (central tegmental field) of the mid brain and MeA

Question 58

MeA

Answer 58

one region in nucleus is 85% larger in males than females (lots of androgen receptors) - destruction disrupts sexual behaviour - rats with lesions took longer to mount receptive females and ejaculate - mating increased production of Fos - receives input from PAG and nPGi of medulla - nPGi inhibits spinal cord reflexes (5-HT) - MPA supresses inhibition by inhibiting PAG (excites nPGi)

Question 59

Figure Male Sexual Behaviour

Answer 59

- tactile information from genitals of central tegmental field (CTF) mating causes Fos production - CTF activate MA (destruction disrupts sex behaviour. mating causes Fos production) - MA activates MPA (destory abolishes sex behaviours. prenatal stress reduces size of SDN decrease sex behaviour. mating produces Fos production) - MPA activates nPGi of medulla (part of pathway between MPS and motor neurons of spinal cord - ejaculation/erection)

Question 60

ventromedual nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 60

biltaeral lesions will not display lordosis - stimulation facilitates female sex behaviour - MeA projects to VMH

Question 61

Figure female sexual behaviour

Answer 61

- tactile information from genitals activates VMH - VMH activates MA - VMH activates PAG of midbrain - PAG activates reticular formation - activates lordosis

Question 62

peptide in brain responsible for formation of pair bonds - plays bigger role in men

Answer 62

vasopressin

Question 63

peptide responsible for formation of pair bonds - plays bigger role in females - increases trust, relaxation, calmness, well-being

Answer 63

oxytocin

Question 64

hormone of anteriour pituitary gland, necessary for milk production

Answer 64

prolactin

Question 65

parental behaviours avoidance

Answer 65

aversion response that virgin females make toward odor of pups - olfactory system inputs to MeA - lesions of MeA abolish aversion of virgin females to pups - MeA projects to anterior hypothalamus (AH) projects to PAG (avoidance response) - MPA inhibits activity of AH-PAG

Question 66

parental caring behaviours

Answer 66

MTA projects to VTA and retrorubral field of midbrain - dopamengeric neurons in VTA project to NAC (responsible for motivation and reinforcement) - NAC projects to ventral pallidum (basal ganglia) involved in control of motivated behaviours