Chapter 10: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

What is a stereotype?

Answer 1

mental representations (schemas) about the attributes possessed by members of a (social) group regardless of variation amonf the group

positive or negative BELIEF

Question 2

What is prejudice?

Answer 2

An ATTITUDE or affective response (negative) toward a group and its individual members

Question 3

What is discrimination?

Answer 3

Favourable or unfavourable treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group

BEHAVIOUR

Question 4

What is modern/aversive racism?

Answer 4

Prejudice directed at racial groups that exist alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs
- people who do not consider themselves prejudice
- response with denial, defensiveness

Question 5

microaggressions?

Answer 5

: assume certain people have a certain job, or automatic response to certain types of people

part of modern prejudice

Question 6

in modern prejudice, people –

Answer 6

denial of continued discrimination
- Traditionally disadvantaged groups are pushing too hard, demands are unfair
- Opposed to programs designed to even the playing field (ex. equal funding for women’s sports)

Question 7

How is modern prejudice seen in application qualifications?

Answer 7

• if ambiguous application, 2x more timely to hire white over black person
• white sounding names get 50% more interviews, so people that whitened their name got more call backs

Question 8

What is the implicit association test (IAT)?

Answer 8

A technique for revealing non conscious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people

Question 9

What is priming?

Answer 9

• presentation of info designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible
• A prime is the stimulus presented to activate the concept in question

Question 10

What is affect misattribution procedure (AMP)?

Answer 10

A priming procedure designed to assess people’s implicit associations to di erent stimuli, including their associations to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups

show ethnic person then neutral object -> rate neutral object

Question 11

What is benevolent sexism?

Answer 11

a chivalrous ideology marked by protectiveness and affection toward women who embrace conventional roles (coexists with hostile sexism)

Question 12

What is hostile sexism?

Answer 12

dislike of nontraditional women and those seen as usurping men’s power (coexists with benevolent sexism)

Question 13

What are the 2 indirect, non self report measures of prejudice and stereotyping?

Answer 13

1. implicit association test
2. priming procedures

Question 14

What is the realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 14

A theory that group conflict prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups form limited resources (economic down turn)

Question 15

What are the three general perspective of the cause of stereotyping/prejudice/discrimination?

Answer 15

1. economic perspective
2. motivational perspective
3. cognitive perspective

Question 16

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 16

Glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups

Question 17

What is a subordinate goal?

Answer 17

A goal that transcends the interests of any one group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together (boys camp)

Question 18

What is the minimal group paradigm?

Answer 18

An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these “minimal groups” are inclined to behave toward one another

Question 19

What is the ingroup favoritism?

Answer 19

willingness to lose points as long as you beat the other team (21 us and 15 them vs 18 us and 3 them)

Question 20

What is the social identity theory?

Answer 20

The idea that a person’s self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments but
also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs

us vs them

Question 21

What is “basking in reflected glory”?

Answer 21

Taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one’s group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team (also opposite: feel better about self if outgroup down)

Question 22

according to the cognitive perspective on stereotypes, people are more likely to fall back on stereotypes when

Answer 22

they lack mental energy

Question 23

paired distinctiveness

Answer 23

the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together (ie. a minority + doing something negative)

Question 24

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 24

treating people in a way that encourages the behaviour they expect to see (ex. teacher helping smart students succeed)

Question 25

What is sub typing?

Answer 25

Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole (ex. someone who is interracial)

Question 26

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

Answer 26

the tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups | overestimate the extend for which people in outgroups are alike

Question 27

What is the own-race identification bias?

Answer 27

e tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from other races

Question 28

What is the Contact Hypothesis?

Answer 28

The proposition that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact with one another

Question 29

What is multiculturalism?

Answer 29

A diversity ideology that encourages the acknowledgment and appreciation of people's uniue cultural and ethnic identities

Question 30

What is colour-blindness?

Answer 30

A diversity ideology that encourages treating others as unique individuals and downplaying or ignoring cultural and ethnic group differences

Question 31

What is required for the contact hypothesis to work?

Answer 31

1. equal status of 2 groups 2. interdependence: common goal/opponent 3. community support/social norms

Question 32

What is the economic perspective of stereotyping?

Answer 32

identify the root of intergroup hostility in competing interests that can pit the groups against each other

Question 33

What is the motivational perspective of stereotyping?

Answer 33

psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflirt (us/them)

Question 34

What is the cognitive perspective of stereotyping?

Answer 34

traces the origins of stereotyping to the same cognitive processes that enable people to categorize, say, items

Question 35

What are the forms of prejudice?

Answer 35

1. old-fashioned 2. modern prejudice

Question 36

What is old-fashioned prejudice?

Answer 36

- prejudice that is personally endorsed - person believes them group is superior to others and publicly admits this | rare but still exists

Question 37

What does the Social Identity Theory say about prejudice?

Answer 37

prejudice develops from the need to feel good about oneself and in outgroup failiures

Question 38

What are cognitive sources of prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 38

1. oversimplification 2. stereotypes distort information processing (look for infor that confirms stereotype) 3. stereotypes can be self-perpetuating

Question 39

What are the costs of prejudice and stereotyping from the targets perspective?

Answer 39

1. material cost (not offered best deal) 2. self-fulfilling prophecies 3. stereotype threat 4. hesistant to report prejudice

Question 40

Experiment for stereotype threat?

Answer 40

stereotype: women less skilled at math - with threat, women performed much worse (more anxiety)

Question 41

What is Personal-group discrimination discrepancy?

Answer 41

Tendency for people to report less personal discrimination than the average member of their group | working women, members of minority ethic groups

Question 42

Why do people do Personal-group discrimination discrepancy?

Answer 42

1. Motivation to feel in control of life 2. Don’t want to be labeled as complainers 3. Justification for inaction

Question 43

Jane Elliot;s experiment caused

Answer 43

improved empathy for discrimination

Question 44

Reducing prejudice ideas? | What doesn't work?

Answer 44

1. multiculturalism 2. role play/education 3. contact hypothesis 4. striving to be antiracist (identify racist ideas and racist policies) | colourblindness

Question 45

Students in jigsaw groups

Answer 45

1. showed increased liking for classmates 2. performed better on tests 3. enjoyed school more