Chapter 10 The Digestive System (Defs.)

Question 1

A very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together.

Answer 1

Macromolecule

Question 2

The sum total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

Answer 2

Metabolism

Question 3

Provide materials to build cell membranes. Provide quick energy for use by cells.
Ex. glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, starch, glycogen, cellulose.

Answer 3

Carbohydrates

Question 4

Provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues, and muscles. Aid in muscle movements, such as contraction. Act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the cells. Provide immunity against infection and disease.
Transport ions in cell membranes.
Ex. insulin, hemoglobin, collagen, antibodies, enzymes.

Answer 4

Proteins

Question 5

Contain the organism’s genetic information. Direct the organism’s growth.
Ex. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Answer 5

Nucleic acids

Question 6

A simple sugar with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

Answer 6

Monosaccharide

Question 7

A sugar made up of 2 monosaccharide molecules.

Answer 7

Disaccharide

Question 8

A large molecule made up of many linked monosaccharide molecules.

Answer 8

Polysaccharide

Question 9

A polysaccharide made up of glucose units.

Answer 9

Glycogen

Question 10

An organic compound that does not dissolve in water, such as fat and oil.

Answer 10

Lipid

Question 11

A building block of protein.

Answer 11

Amino acid

Question 12

A bond that holds together the amino acids in a protein.

Answer 12

Peptide bond

Question 13

A linear chain of several amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Answer 13

Polypeptide

Question 14

A chemical reaction in which water breaks apart macromolecules into smaller molecules.

Answer 14

Hydrolysis

Question 15

A protein molecule that helps speed up important chemical reactions in the body.

Answer 15

Enzyme

Question 16

What are the four stages of food processing? With description?

Answer 16

Ingestion - The taking in or eating of food.
Digestion - The breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical processes into molecules small enough for cells of the body to absorb.
Absorption - The transport of the products of digestion from the digestive system into the circulatory system, which distributes them to the rest of the body.
Elimination - The removal of undigested solid waste matter from the body.

Question 17

The physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces in the mouth by the action of teeth, beak, or other similar structures, and churning motions in the stomach.

Answer 17

Mechanical digestion

Question 18

The chemical breakdown of nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by enzyme action.

Answer 18

Chemical digestion

Question 19

A pouch at the beginning of the large intestine that receives waste material from the small intestine.

Answer 19

Cecum

Question 20

The muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach.

Answer 20

Esophagus

Question 21

A wave-like series of muscular contractions in the esophagus.

Answer 21

Peristalsis

Question 22

A ring muscle that controls the entrance to the stomach; normally closed to prevent the acidic contents of the stomach from backing up into the esophagus, but it relaxes to allow each bolus of food to enter the stomach.

Answer 22

Esophageal sphincter

Question 23

A burning sensation in the throat or chest that occurs when small amounts of acidic liquid escape from the stomach and move up the esophagus into the throat; also known as heartburn.

Answer 23

Acid reflux

Question 24

A mixture of hydrochloric acid, salts, enzymes, water, and mucus that is produced by glands in the stomach to help digest food.

Answer 24

Gastric juice

Question 25

A thick liquid produced in the stomach and made of digested food combined with gastric juice.

Answer 25

Chyme

Question 26

An enzyme in gastric juice that helps break down proteins into polypeptides.

Answer 26

Pepsin

Question 27

A muscular valve at the lower end of the stomach that controls the flow of chyme; when closed, it keeps food in the stomach; when open, it allows chyme to flow into the small intestine.

Answer 27

Pyloric sphincter

Question 28

A short, wide U-shaped section of the small intestine into which food passes from the stomach.

Answer 28

Duodenum

Question 29

Finger-like projections lining the surface of the small intestine that increase the surface area to improve the absorption of nutrients.

Answer 29

Villi (singular villus)

Question 30

The fine brush-like projections that cover the surface of each villus in the lining of the small intestine.

Answer 30

Microvilli (singular microvillus)

Question 31

The portion of the small intestine that follows immediately after the duodenum.

Answer 31

Jejunum

Question 32

The portion of the small intestine that follows immediately after the jejunum.

Answer 32

Ileum

Question 33

A greenish-yellow fluid secreted by the liver that helps digest fat.

Answer 33

Bile

Question 34

An accessory organ to the digestive system that secretes pancreatic fluid into the duodenum; enzymes in pancreatic fluid chemically digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Answer 34

Pancreas

Question 35

An accessory organ to the digestive system that stores bile between meals.

Answer 35

Gall bladder

Question 36

An accessory organ to the digestive system that produces bile, which aids in the digestion of fats; largest internal organ of the body.

Answer 36

Liver

Question 37

The region of the digestive system where leftover matter from the colon collects as feces.

Answer 37

Rectum

Question 38

A by-product of the breakdown of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in the blood); gets secreted into the bile in the liver; responsible for the brown colour feces.

Answer 38

Bilirubin

Question 39

A sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, most commonly caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

Answer 39

Peptic ulcer

Question 40

The general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines.

Answer 40

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Question 41

A form of inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anus.

Answer 41

Crohn's disease

Question 42

A form of inflammatory disease that attacks the colon.

Answer 42

Ulcerative colitis

Question 43

Inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by a virus.

Answer 43

Hepatitis

Question 44

The irreversible replacement of healthy liver tissue with non-functioning scar tissue; most commonly caused by excessive alcohol intake or hepatitis.

Answer 44

Cirrhosis

Question 45

A condition in which the body is unable to use glucose for energy.

Answer 45

Diabetes