Chapter 12 The Circulatory System (Defs.)

Question 1

The muscular organ that pumps blood via the circulatory system to the lungs and body.

Answer 1

Heart

Question 2

The bodily fluid in which blood cells are suspended.

Answer 2

Blood

Question 3

A hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues.

Answer 3

Blood vessel

Question 4

A circulatory system in which vessels open into the animal’s body cavity.

Answer 4

Open circulatory system

Question 5

The mixture of blood and fluids that surrounds the cells of invertebrates, such as insects and crustaceans.

Answer 5

Hemolymph

Question 6

A circulatory system in which the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

Answer 6

Closed circulatory system

Question 7

The two (left and right) top chambers of the heart that fill with blood returning from the body or the lungs.

Answer 7

Atria (singular atrium)

Question 8

The two (left and right) bottom chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it out to the body or the lungs.

Answer 8

Ventricles

Question 9

In the circulatory system, the thick muscular wall in the heart that separates the atria and the ventricles.

Answer 9

Septum

Question 10

Two large vessels that open into the right atrium and collect oxygen-poor blood coming from the tissues in the head and body.

Answer 10

Vena cavae (singular vena cava)

Question 11

A large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.

Answer 11

Pulmonary artery

Question 12

The blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart.

Answer 12

Pulmonary vein

Question 13

An artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries.

Answer 13

Aorta

Question 14

A valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium.

Answer 14

Atrioventricular valves

Question 15

The atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart; made up of three flaps.

Answer 15

Tricuspid valve

Question 16

The atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart; made up of two flaps; also known as a mitral valve.

Answer 16

Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

Question 17

A valve between the ventricle and the large arteries; it carries blood away from the heart.

Answer 17

Semilunar valve

Question 18

A blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

Answer 18

Artery

Question 19

A blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood toward the heart.

Answer 19

Vein

Question 20

A tiny blood vessel that carries blood from the arteries to the veins; site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.

Answer 20

Capillary

Question 21

The circulatory system found in mammals; blood is pumped through one circuit between the heart and the lungs, and it is pumped a second time through another circuit between the heart and the rest of the body.

Answer 21

Double circulatory system

Question 22

The fluid portion of blood; consists of water plus dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, and waste products.

Answer 22

Plasma

Question 23

Red blood cells; they are specialized for oxygen transport and make up approximately 44 percent of the total volume of blood.

Answer 23

Erythrocytes

Question 24

The process in which phagocytes (a form of leukocyte) engulf and destroy pathogens.

Answer 24

Phagocytosis

Question 25

A cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens.

Answer 25

Phagocyte

Question 26

The most abundant form of phagocytic leukocyte; found in the body tissues of animals, as well as in the blood.

Answer 26

Neutrophil

Question 27

A form of phagocytic leukocyte found in the mucous lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.

Answer 27

Eosinophil

Question 28

A form of leukocyte that aids in immunity by secreting substances that attract phagocytes to destroy pathogens; only form of leukocyte that is not a phagocyte.

Answer 28

Basophil

Question 29

A form of phagocytic leukocyte; some lymphocytes produce proteins called antibodies that incapacitate pathogens and allow them to be easily detected and destroyed.

Answer 29

Lymphocyte

Question 30

A form of phagocytic leukocyte that circulates in the bloodstream for only a few days before becoming specialized as a macrophage, which destroys bacteria.

Answer 30

Monocytes

Question 31

The third major substance in the formed portion of the blood; fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart; play a key role in blood clotting; also called thrombocytes.

Answer 31

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 32

The widening of the blood vessels.

Answer 32

Vasodilation

Question 33

The narrowing of the blood vessels.

Answer 33

Vasoconstriction

Question 34

The specialized heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract.

Answer 34

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 35

The specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract.

Answer 35

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 36

A bundle of specialized fibres in the heart that transmit an electrical signal from the atrioventricular node to the Purkinje fires; involved in contraction of the heart.

Answer 36

Bundle of His

Question 37

Fibres that transmit an electrical signal from the atria into the ventricles, initiating the almost simultaneous contraction of all cells of the right and left ventricles.

Answer 37

Purkinje fibres

Question 38

A narrowing in the opening of the heart valves or arteries.

Answer 38

Stenosis

Question 39

A record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart.

Answer 39

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Question 40

The force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels.

Answer 40

Blood pressure

Question 41

The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart.

Answer 41

Systolic pressure

Question 42

The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles fill with blood.

Answer 42

Diastolic pressure

Question 43

The phase of the heartbeat in which the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart.

Answer 43

Systole

Question 44

The phase of the heartbeat in which the ventricles fill with blood entering from the atria.

Answer 44

Diastole

Question 45

A medical device used to measure blood pressure.

Answer 45

Sphygmomanometer

Question 46

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart in mL/min.

Answer 46

Cardiac output

Question 47

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat.

Answer 47

Stroke volume

Question 48

A general term used to describe several conditions in which the walls of the arteries thicken and lose their elasticity, becoming harder; the most common type of the disease is atherosclerosis.

Answer 48

Arteriosclerosis

Question 49

a condition in which fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues build up on the inside of artery walls, causing the artery to narrow; causes decrease in blood flow and increase in blood pressure.

Answer 49

Atherosclerosis

Question 50

A surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery.

Answer 50

Angioplasty

Question 51

A small, permanent, wire-mesh tube that is inserted into the blocked area of an artery during angioplasty; holds the artery open and reduces the chance of the blockage redeveloping.

Answer 51

Stent

Question 52

A surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries.

Answer 52

Coronary bypass

Question 53

A bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall.

Answer 53

Aneurysm

Question 54

A common form of heart valve disease, in which one or both of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) flaps bulge back into the atrium, preventing the valve from forming a tight seal.

Answer 54

Mitral valve prolapse

Question 55

An irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat.

Answer 55

Arrhythmia

Question 56

A device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat.

Answer 56

Pacemaker

Question 57

A heart defect that is present from birth.

Answer 57

Congenital heart defects

Question 58

A stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel blocking blood flow to the brain.

Answer 58

Ischemic stroke

Question 59

A stroke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue

Answer 59

Hemorrhagic stroke

Question 60

Mapping of the coronary arteries by injecting a liquid dye into an artery and then taking X rays as the dye moves through the blood vessels.

Answer 60

Angiography

Question 61

An inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally.

Answer 61

Hemophilia

Question 62

Cancer of the white blood cells.

Answer 62

Leukemia

Question 63

A common blood disorder in which the blood contains fewer than normal healthy red blood cells.

Answer 63

Anemia

Question 64

A transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another.

Answer 64

Xenotransplant

Question 65

Technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules.

Answer 65

Nanotechnology

Question 66

Molecules that point to the development of a particular disease before obvious symptoms are apparent.

Answer 66

Biomarkers

Question 67

A drug-delivery system designed to release drugs only to cells that have a basic pH.

Answer 67

Nanovalve