Chapter 3 Multicellular Diversity (Defs.)

Question 1

A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic protist.

Answer 1

Alga (plural algae)

Question 2

In brown algae. Anchors the algae. Root-like.

Answer 2

Holdfast

Question 3

In brown algae. Extends from the holdfast. A long, stem-like structure. From it, grow flat, leaf-like blades.

Answer 3

Stipe

Question 4

In brown algae. Used to collect light, take in carbon dioxide, and give off oxygen. Leaf-like.

Answer 4

Blade

Question 5

A multicellular photosynthetic eukaryote with cellulose-based cell walls.

Answer 5

Plant

Question 6

An organism’s early pre-birth stage of development.

Answer 6

Embryo

Question 7

A group of plants containing tissue specialized for transporting substances; contain two types of _______ tissue - xylem and phloem.

Answer 7

Vascular plants

Question 8

Sexual reproduction that alternates between a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual. Also known as alternation of generations.

Answer 8

Sporic reproduction

Question 9

The haploid (contains only one set of chromosomes) plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis.

Answer 9

Gametophyte

Question 10

The diploid (contains two sets of chromosomes) plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis.

Answer 10

Sporophyte

Question 11

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

Answer 11

Xylem

Question 12

Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients, like sugars, often from the leaves to the roots, but also from roots and mature leaves to new leaves.

Answer 12

Phloem

Question 13

The tough material found in the cell walls of xylem tissue.

Answer 13

Lignin

Question 14

A type of sexual reproduction in which there are two multicellular stages in the life cycle - a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual; also known as sporic reproduction.

Answer 14

Alternation of generations

Question 15

The structure that anchors a plant in the ground, absorbs water and inorganic nutrients from soil, and stores organic nutrients.

Answer 15

Root

Question 16

A small, non-vascular land plant; the formal name Bryophyta is reserved for the mosses, one group of ________. Three phyla: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Answer 16

Bryophyte

Question 17

Non-vascular plants have these small root-like structures (instead of roots), which develop from their lower surfaces.

Answer 17

Rhizoids

Question 18

The female gametophyte develops this, which is the structure that produces eggs.

Answer 18

Archegonium

Question 19

The male gametophyte develops this, which is the structure that produces sperm.

Answer 19

Antheridium

Question 20

Early land plants that reproduce sexually by sporic reproduction; the sporophyte generation is the dominant stage in their life cycle; include ferns, whisk ferns, club mosses, and horsetails.

Answer 20

Seedless vascular plants

Question 21

A horizontal stem that grows underground.

Answer 21

Rhizome

Question 22

A vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds.

Answer 22

Gymnosperm

Question 23

A vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue. Their seeds are contained in a fruit.

Answer 23

Angiosperm

Question 24

A gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproductive parts.

Answer 24

Cone

Question 25

An immature male gametophyte; also called a microsprore. Never form a free-living plant in conifers, these are produced in great quantities and are released into the wind. A few land on the female cones, releasing sperm nuclei, which then fertilized the eggs. First part of word: part of stamen, cases that contain male gametes.

Answer 25

Pollen grain

Question 26

A collection of structures in angiosperms used for sexual reproduction.

Answer 26

Flower

Question 27

The male reproductive organ in plants.

Answer 27

Stamen

Question 28

Part of the stamen containing cells that undergo meiosis and mitotic cell divisions to form pollen grains. Where pollen is produced and stored.

Answer 28

Anther

Question 28

Part of the stamen that supports the anther.

Answer 28

Filament (stalk)

Question 29

The female reproductive organ in plants.

Answer 29

Pistil

Question 30

The tip of the pistil; the place where pollination takes place. The sticky "lip" of the carpel that captures pollen grains.

Answer 30

Stigma

Question 31

The transfer of the male gametophyte (pollen grain) to the female reproductive structure (pistil) in flowering plants.

Answer 31

Pollination

Question 32

The part of the pistil that connects the stigma to the ovary. Stalk that supports the stigma.

Answer 32

Style

Question 32

The part of the pistil that contains the ovule(s). Swollen base of the carpel that contains ovules.

Answer 32

Ovary

Question 33

Sacs that contain female gametes.

Answer 33

Ovules

Question 34

A non-fertile part of the flower that attracts pollinators.

Answer 34

Petal

Question 35

The non-fertile part of the flower that surrounds and protects the flower bud.

Answer 35

Sepal

Question 36

A mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds.

Answer 36

Fruit

Question 37

A major cluster of flowering plants that have one cotyledon.

Answer 37

Monocot

Question 38

A major cluster of flowering plants that have two cotyledons.

Answer 38

Dicot

Question 39

A structure within a plant embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first starts to grow; also known as a seed leaf.

Answer 39

Cotyledon

Question 40

A stationary, heterotrophic eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin.

Answer 40

Fungus (plural fungi)

Question 41

A multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus.

Answer 41

Hypha (plural hyphae)

Question 42

A complex, net-like mass made of branching hyphae.

Answer 42

Mycelium (plural mycelia)

Question 43

The spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi.

Answer 43

Fruiting body

Question 44

A reproductive cell that can develop into a new individual without uniting with another reproductive cell. Distinguished from gametes, which are reproductive cells that must unite with gametes of the opposite sex in order to form a new organism.

Answer 44

Spore

Question 45

The mutualistic partnership that fungi have with plants. The mycelia increase the absorptive surface of the plant roots, allowing the plants to take up more nutrient. The fungus receives sugar from the plant.

Answer 45

Mycorrhiza

Question 46

A method of asexual reproduction in fungi; involves a smaller cell that develops while attached to the parent cell and is eventually pinched off the parent cell to produce a new individual.

Answer 46

Budding

Question 47

Method of asexual reproduction in fungi in which a piece of mycelium breaks off and forms a new individual.

Answer 47

Fragmentation

Question 48

A diploid structure that develops after two haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei; this structure is characteristic of _________ fungi that reproduce sexually during unfavorable conditions.

Answer 48

Zygospore

Question 48

A small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores.

Answer 48

Ascus (plural asci)

Question 49

A club-shaped hypha found in members of the Basidiomycotes; they bear spores called basidiospores.

Answer 49

Basidium (plural basidia)

Question 50

An organism that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga.

Answer 50

Lichen

Question 51

A spore released from the fruiting body of a club fungus.

Answer 51

Basidiospore

Question 52

A unique organism that depends on a relationship between separate species; for example, lichen depends on a relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga.

Answer 52

Composite organism

Question 53

An animal that does not have a backbone.

Answer 53

Invertebrate

Question 54

An animal with an internal skeleton and a backbone.

Answer 54

Vertebrate

Question 55

A group of similar cells that are specialized to perform specific tasks.

Answer 55

Tissue

Question 56

A body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves.

Answer 56

Radial symmetry

Question 57

A body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis, into equal halves.

Answer 57

Bilateral symmetry

Question 58

A fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems.

Answer 58

Coelom

Question 59

The divisions of multicellular bodies into a series of repetitive parts.

Answer 59

Segmentation

Question 60

The tube-shaped sessile body form of cnidarians. Ex. sea anemones.

Answer 60

Polyp

Question 61

The umbrella-shaped, free-swimming body from of cnidarians.

Answer 61

Medusa

Question 62

A membrane that surrounds a mollusc's internal organs

Answer 62

Mantle

Question 63

An external skeleton that protects organs, provides support for muscle attachment, and protects against water loss and predation.

Answer 63

Exoskeleton

Question 64

"Joined foot"; a member of the largest animal phylum; characterized by having legs made up of movable sections connected by joints, a body divided into segments, and a hard exoskeleton.

Answer 64

Arthropod

Question 65

A flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals; during vertebrate development it is replaced by the spine.

Answer 65

Notochord

Question 66

The flexible, non-bony, tough material found in vertebrate endoskeletons.

Answer 66

Cartilage

Question 67

A vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; an amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal.

Answer 67

Tetrapod

Question 68

A type of egg in which several layers of membranes develop around the egg prior to the secretion of the shell.

Answer 68

Amniotic egg

Question 69

The reliance on environmental heat for determining internal body temperature.

Answer 69

Ectothermy

Question 70

The use of metabolic heat to maintain a high, constant body temperature.

Answer 70

Endothermy

Question 71

A mammalian gland that produces and secretes milk for nourishing developing young.

Answer 71

Mammary gland

Question 72

An organ in the pregnant uterus that exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and developing offspring.

Answer 72

Placenta

Question 73

A large-scale dying out of a large percentage of all living organisms within an area over a short time.

Answer 73

Mass extinction

Question 74

The current decline in genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity that may represent a mass extinction.

Answer 74

Biodiversity crisis