Chapter 10-Water: Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use

Question 0

The degree to which water is pure enough to fulfill the requirements of various uses

Answer 0

Water quality

Question 1

The amount of water available to meet demands

Answer 1

Water quantity

Question 2

Water having a salt concentration below 0.1%; as a result of purification by evaporation, all forms of precipitation are freshwater, as are lakes, rivers, groundwater, and other bodies of water that have a throughflow of water from precipitation

Answer 2

Freshwater

Question 3

Water that contains at least 3% salt (30 parts salt per 1,000 parts water), typical of oceans and seas

Answer 3

Saltwater

Question 4

A mixture of freshwater and saltwater, typically found where rivers enter the ocean

Answer 4

Brackish water

Question 5

Water that contains minerals, especially calcium or magnesium, that cause soap to precipitate, producing a scum, curd, or scale in boilers

Answer 5

Hard water

Question 6

Water that is relatively free of minerals

Answer 6

Soft water

Question 7

Water that contains one or more impurities, making it unsuitable for a desired use

Answer 7

Polluted water

Question 8

Water that has pollutants removed or is rendered harmless

Answer 8

Purified water

Question 9

Water from precipitation that runs off of land surfaces in surges

Answer 9

Storm water

Question 10

Water in vapor form originating from water bodies, the soil, and organisms-the source of water for precipitation. Water vapor

Answer 10

Green water

Question 11

Precipitation, renewable surface water runoff and groundwater recharge-the focus of management and the main source of water for human withdrawals and natural ecosystems. Liquid water

Answer 11

Blue water

Question 12

Also called the hydrologic cycle; the movement of water from points of evaporation, through the atmosphere, through precipitation, and through or over the ground, returning to points of evaporation

Answer 12

Water cycle

Question 13

Water rising to the atmosphere

Answer 13

Evaporation

Question 14

The loss of water vapor as it moves from the soil through green plants and exits through leaf pores, or stomata

Answer 14

Transpiration

Question 15

Formation of liquid water from a gas state

Answer 15

Condensation

Question 16

Release of water from clouds in form of rain, sleet, snow, or hail

Answer 16

Precipitation

Question 17

The amount of water vapor in the air

Answer 17

Humidity

Question 18

The amount of water vapor as a percentage of what the air can hold at a particular temperature. Humidity is usually measures using this

Answer 18

Relative humidity

Question 19

Droplets that form in the atmosphere

Answer 19

Fog and clouds

Question 20

Droplets that form on the cool surfaces of vegetation

Answer 20

Dew

Question 21

Microscopic liquid or solids particles originating from land and water surfaces

Answer 21

Aerosols

Question 22

Occurs when warm air rises, expands and cools (lower pressure)

Answer 22

Adiabatic cooling

Question 23

Occurs when the air descends and is compressed by the higher air pressure in the lower atmosphere

Answer 23

Adiabatic warming

Question 24

The dry region downwind of a mountain range (formation of the severest deserts in the world)

Answer 24

Rain shadow

Question 25

Side of the range, the air is deflected upward, causing cooling and high precipitation

Answer 25

Windward

Question 26

Sides of mountain range, formation of deserts

Answer 26

Leward

Question 27

Occurs when water is separated from the solutes and particles it contains

Answer 27

Purification

Question 28

A system of vertical and horizontal air circulation predominating in tropical and subtropical regions and creating major weather patterns

Answer 28

Hadley cell

Question 29

The process in which water soaks into soil as opposed to running off the surface of the soil

Answer 29

Infiltration

Question 30

The ratio of the amount of water soaking into the soil to that running off the surface; the ratio is obtained by dividing the first amount by the second

Answer 30

Infiltration-runoff ratio

Question 31

The total land area that drains directly or indirectly into a particular stream or river; generally named from the stream or river into which it drains

Answer 31

Watershed

Question 32

All bodies of water, lakes, rivers, ponds, and so on that are on Earth’s surface. Contrast with groundwater, which lies below the surface

Answer 32

Surface waters

Question 33

Water that clings in small pores, cracks, and spaces against the pull of gravity (e.g., water held in a sponge)

Answer 33

Capillary waters

Question 34

The combination of evaporation and transpiration that restores water to the atmosphere

Answer 34

Evapotranspiration

Question 35

The process of water seeping downward through cracks and pores in soil or rock

Answer 35

Percolation

Question 36

Water that has accumulated in the ground, completely filling and saturating all pores and spaces in rock or soil. Free to move more or less readily, it is the reservoir for springs and wells and is replenished by infiltration of surface water

Answer 36

Groundwater

Question 37

The upper surface of groundwater, rising and falling with the amount of groundwater

Answer 37

Watertable

Question 38

Layers of porous material through which ground water moves (layers of porous rock)

Answer 38

Aquifers

Question 39

The area where water enters an aquifer

Answer 39

Recharge area

Question 40

An area where groundwater seeps from the ground. Contrast with a spring, which is a single point from which groundwater exits

Answer 40

Seep

Question 41

Natural exits of groundwater to the surface

Answer 41

Springs; wells

Question 42

Probably the largest aquifer in the world; supplies irrigation water to one-fifth of the irrigated land in the nation (U.S.A)

Answer 42

Ogallala aquifer

Question 43

Bays in which fresh water from a river mixes with seawater; most productive ecosystems on Earth

Answer 43

Estuaries

Question 44

The applied water does not return to the water resource (gone from human control) ex: irrigation

Answer 44

Consumptive use

Question 45

Remains available to humans (human control) ex: homes and industries (washing and flushing away unwanted materials)

Answer 45

Non consumptive use

Question 46

The largest dam in the world; generates as much electricity equal to burning 50 million tons of coal a year; controls flooding of the Yangtze River

Answer 46

Three Gorges Dam (China)

Question 47

Flooding, sediment deposition, and loss of functional flood plain

Answer 47

Above the dam

Question 48

Loss of normal river flow patterns, loss of river biota, loss of functional floodplain

Answer 48

Below the dam

Question 49

A gradual settling of the land; the condition may result from the removal of groundwater or oil, which is frequently instrumental in supporting the overlying rock and soil

Answer 49

Land subsidence

Question 50

Results when an underground cavern, drained of its supporting groundwater, suddenly collapses

Answer 50

Sinkhole

Question 51

The phenomenon of seawater moving back into aquifers or estuaries. Such intrusion occurs when the normal outflow of freshwater is diverted or removed for use; occurs where the aquifers open up into the ocean

Answer 51

Saltwater intrusion/Saltwater encroachment

Question 52

A proposed radical change in managing water supplies intended to make more water available for human use

Answer 52

Blue revolution

Question 53

A process that purifies seawater into high-quality drinking water via distillation or microfiltration

Answer 53

Desalination

Question 54

Uses computers to control the periodic release of water instead of a continuous flood method (cuts water use in half)

Answer 54

Surge flow

Question 55

A network of plastic pipes with pinholes that literally drip water at the base of Each plant (reduces water use by 30 to 70% while increasing crop yields)

Answer 55

Drip irrigation

Question 56

Work like a step exercise machine which enables farmers to irrigate their rice paddies and vegetable fields at a cost of less than $35 a system

Answer 56

Treadle pumps

Question 57

Landscaping with desert species that require no additional watering (Phoenix)

Answer 57

Xeriscaping

Question 58

The slightly dirtied water from sinks, showers, bathtubs, and laundry tubs, is collected in a holding tank and used for such things as flushing toilets, watering lawns, and washing cars

Answer 58

Gray water

Question 59

Another option for reducing water loss in water-stressed regions by importing food or goods that require a great deal of water; this will allow many arid countries to avoid using their own water supplies by importing farm products from regions that have excess freshwater

Answer 59

Virtual water