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Physiology Lecture 8; 11; 12 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

To activate a neuron this change in charge must take place

A

Depolarization

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2
Q

When activating a postsynaptic cell a/an _________ Signal must be sent to it.

A

Excitatory

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3
Q

To prevent a cell from becoming activated , one must send a/an _________ Signal to it.

A

Inhibitory

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4
Q

To prevent a neuron from being activated this change in charge must take place

A

Hyperpolarization

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5
Q

In this type of summation more than one presynaptic neuron send signals to one post synaptic neuron

A

Spatial

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6
Q

In this type of summation the rate of signaling increases and has an additive affect on the target cell

A

Temporal

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7
Q

A chemical that is introduced into the body from an outside source even though the body can produce it is called?

example:
would be estrogen and progesterone that are present in oral contraceptives.

A

Exogenous

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8
Q 
Adenosine, 
adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) our signal molecules that are in this neurotransmitter class
A

Purines

NT

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9
Q

As demonstrated by its association with alcohol consumption this neurotransmitter has an inhibitory affect on neurons in the brain

A

Gaba

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10
Q

As the name suggests these neurotransmitters are derived from amino acids

A

Amies

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11
Q

Caffeine and related chemicals found in coffee, tea and other drinks are antagonist for the receptors that bind this neurotransmitter

A

Adenosine

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12
Q

In the central nervous system this is the primary neurotransmitter that is excitatory

A

Glumate

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13
Q

Neurons that secrete dopamine are called

A

Dopamine

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14
Q

Norepinephrine can be inactivated by this enzyme and is located in the mitochondria

A

Monoamine oxidase

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle cells have these specific receptors at the receptive area of their membranes

A

Nicotinic

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16
Q

The active ingredient in the cannabis sativa marijuana plant THC is in this class of neurotransmitters

A

Lipids

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17
Q

The name of the receptors that have alpha and beta sub-types?

A

Adrenergic receptors

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18
Q

the specific name of receptors located on the target cells of the parasympathetic nervous system is

A

Muscarinic receptor

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19
Q

The specific name of receptors located on the target cells of the sympathetic nervous system is

A

Adrenergic receptors

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20
Q

The specific name of the receptors located in the receptive area of postganglionic neurons in the ANS is?

A

Nicotinic receptors

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21
Q

The target cells for epinephrine and norepinephrine have these receptors

A

Adrenergic receptors

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22
Q

These receptors for acetylcholine are receptor channels

A

Nicotinic receptors

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23
Q

This name is applied to neurons that make and secrete acetylcholine and what is the name of the receptor that binds to?

A

Cholinergic receptors

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24
Q

This type of memory involves processing and information integration-

Like what you need to use to succeed in this class

A

Declarative

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25
These molecules stimulate growth of and help maintain neural pathways. They are considered growth factors in the nervous system. You’d want to produce a lot of these to help in your learning a Physiology
Neurotrophic factors
26
The immune system destroys nicotinic receptors which prevents muscle cells from being activated in this auto immune disease
Myasthenia gravis
27
When there is too much potassium in the body it causes the resting membrane potential to be close to threshold and excitable cells. This condition is called?
Hyperkalemia
28
Some disorders are caused by incorrect genetic coding in the DNA for protein channels. These disorders are logically called?
Channelopathies
29
Lidocaine is an example of a local anesthetic that blocks these proteins in the membrane of the sensory neurons axon, preventing the conduction of the signal along the axon
Sodium channels
30
Multiple sclerosis and Gillian barre syndrome are ________ diseases?
Demyelinating
31
Destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the brain is the basis of this disease?
Parkinson’s disease
32
Cystic fibrosis is this type of disorder/disease?
Channelopathies
33
Cells of the cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems can be the targets for this disease related condition
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
34
Acetylcholine Agonists or acetylcholinesterase antagonist are used to treat this disease?
Alzheimer’s disease
35
The neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system is
Norepinephrine
36
The neurohormone for the sympathetic nervous system is
Epinephrine
37
The neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system is
Acetylcholine
38
When this branch of the ANS is activated, it sends in excitatory signal to the adrenal medulla, which then releases its own signal molecule
Sympathetic
39
These specific receptors have a stronger affinity and are more specific to epinephrine than for norepinephrine
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors
40
these adrenergic receptors use phospholipase C system
Alpha 1 Adrenergic
41
acetylcholinestrace would be found in the synapses between neurons for this branch of the ANS and the Effector cells
Parasympathetic
42
Activation of this receptor at the Sinoatrial node will lead to decreased heart rate
Muscarinic receptors
43
Activation of this receptor will lead to bronchodilation
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors
44
Activation of this receptor will lead to vasoconstriction
Alpha adrenergic receptors
45
This general category of neurotransmitters include norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and histamine
Amies
46
All adrenergic receptors are this kind of receptor?
G- protein coupled receptors
47
If a patient is taking propanolol what does it do?
It is a beta blocker | beta 1 Adrenergic receptor inhibitor
48
How does propanolol effect blood pressure?
The binding for norepinephrine is inhibited and heart rate will decreases
49
What are the cells targeted on the heart
Conducting cells of the Sinoatrial node
50
What is stored in the axon terminal of the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine in its secretory vesicles
51
Sympathy-adrenal pathway is the only sympathetic nervous system pathway that ______?
Doesn’t synapse with postganglionic neurons goes directly to the adrenal medulla
52
What neurohormone does the adrenal medulla secrete into the blood?
Epinephrine
53
when postganglionic neurons released their neurotransmitter on target tissue. These neurons have a series of swollen areas at the distal end that look like beads on a string. The swelling spread across the target tissue like a web and release the neural transmitter in bulk
What is varicosities
54
What does autonomic varicosities do?
Release neurotransmitter over the surface of target cells
55
What sympathetic varicosities do?
Norepinephrine release and removal at sympathetic neuroeffector junction.
56
Parasympathetic nervous system is located where?
Brain stem and sacral spinal cord
57
how do Parasympathetic nervous systems exits how through the body?
Pre-ganglionic fibers exit the brain stem through cranial nerves. or spinal nerves
58
Parasympathetic ganglia are located?
Near or within the target Organ
59
PSNS has _____ degree of neural divergence?
Lower | Has more specific specialized response
60
All autonomic neural pathways consists of two neurons connected in series. The first neuron, called the _______, Has its cell body within the central nervous system?
Preganglionic neuron
61
All autonomic neural pathways consists of two neurons connected in series. The second neuron, called the ________, Is outside the central nervous system and projects to the effected organ or target tissue
Postganglionic neuron
62
The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system secrete this neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine
63
The post ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system secrete this neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
64
Beta 2
Is more sensitive to epinephrine than to norepinephrine, and is found in certain blood vessels and smooth muscles of some organs
65
Beta 3
Is more sensitive to norepinephrine than epinephrine | and is found in adipose tissue
66
Atropine is an antagonist of muscarinic receptors and will increase and decrease what?
Increase: Heart rate Dilates pupils Decreases: Watery secretions from salivary glands
67
Calcium influx into motor neurons through voltage gated channels will initiate the release of this neurotransmitter on to the muscle cell
Acetylcholine
68
What is a nerve pathway?
Autonomic to target organ Composed of 2 neurons Meets and synapses in an autonomic ganglion
69
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located where?
They are located in the thoracic and lumbar
70
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons follow three routes, what are they?
1. Synapse immediately with postganglionic neuron 2. Travel up or down chain before synapses 3. Pass-through chain without synapsing continue as splanchnic nerves to nearby ganglia for synapsing
71
Name 3 facts about Sympathetic nervous system?
1. High degree of neural divergence 2. Sympathetic nervous system is wide spread 3. One preganglionic fiber can synapse
72
What does the autonomic system do?
Regulates activity of internal organs It has two branches
73
Sympathetic in flight or fight mode 1. Cardiac output? 2. Respiratory rate? 3. What does it do to the stored energy? 4. What happens to pupils? 5. Digestion or urination?
1. Increase cardiac output 2. Accelerates respiratory rate 3. Releases store energy 4. Dilates pupils 5. Inhibits digestion and urination
74
Parasympathetic in rest & digest mode 1. Cardiac output? 2. Respiratory rate? 3. What does it do to the stored energy? 4. What happens to pupils? 5. Digestion or urination?
1. Decrease his cardiac output 2. Decreases respiratory rate 3. It’s stores energy and removes waste 4. Stimulates digestion 5. Releases urine
75
What does the hypothalamus control?
Water balance, temperature, hunger
76
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Respiration and cardiovascular
77
What organs or organ systems are under tonic control?
Kidneys | Arterioles and veins
78
What organs or organ systems are under antagonist control?
Male and female sex organs | Bronchioles (airways)
79
What NT has a higher affinity for muscarinic receptors?
Acetylcholine
80
What NT has a higher affinity for Alpha -1 receptors?
Norepinephrine
81
What has a high affinity for Beta 2 receptors?
Epinephrine
82
What has a higher affinity for Beta 3 receptors?
Norepinephrine
83
When bronchial smooth muscle cells contract and airways constrict? are you in parasympathetic or sympathetic state?
Parasympathetic state
84
When you have increased sweat secretion? What state parasympathetic or sympathetic state?
Sympathetic state
85
When you have an increase in pancreatic enzyme production? Are you in parasympathetic or sympathetic state?
Parasympathetic state
86
If you have a increased amount of epinephrine from the adrenal glands? Are you in parasympathetic or sympathetic state?
Sympathetic state
87
These muscle fibers received the most blood supply?
Slow twitch oxidative
88
This muscle fibers have the least amount of mitochondria?
Fast twitch glycolytic
89
These muscle fibers are largely fatigued resistant, but also contract for a short period of time.
Fast twitch oxidative glycolytic
90
These muscle fibers can generate maximum tension the fastest?
Fast twitch glycolytic
91
These muscle fibers contain the most myogoblin, hence their dark red color?
Slow twitch oxidative

Physiology Lecture 8; 11; 12 (3 decks)

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