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Physiology Lecture 8; 11; 12 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

The sodium potassium pump is also called the sodium-potassium _______ because it accesses energy for its to work from ATP

A

ATPase

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2
Q

What determines the number of receptors that are activated?

A

The number of signal molecules in the synaptic cleft that binds to receptors

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3
Q

The ultimate process that is the job of a neuron is what?

A

Exocytosis

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4
Q

What happens when Acetylcholinerase is broken down

A

Acetate= diffuses

Choline= reuptake

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5
Q

These cells form the blood brain barrier and provide substrates ( lactic acid) for neurons to use to make ATP

A

Astrocytes

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6
Q

The digestive system has its own branch of the nervous system called

A

Enteric nervous system

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7
Q

A neurons ________ potential results when sodium diffuses through the cell body.

The name of this potential reflects the fact that if more sodium diffusers in there’s a larger change in charge less sodium a smaller change.

A

Graded

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8
Q

What do chemically gated channels do?

A

the Chemical gate is controlled by intracellular messenger molecule or extra cellular ligands That bind to the channel protein.

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9
Q

This major branch of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for communicating with organs that are under involuntary control?

A

Autonomic neuron

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10
Q

What determines how far it moves away from resting membrane potential?

A

How many ions enter or leave the cell

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11
Q

When a neurotransmitter binds and communicates with postsynaptic Cells what happens?

A

We get a response

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12
Q

Signals are directed from sensory receptors to the integrating sent along these neurons

A

Sensory neurons

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13
Q

This type of a neuron is located completely within the central nervous system

A

Interneuron

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14
Q

What do voltage gated K+ channels do?

A

Threshold is -55 mV
they open slower
they Are fully open at +30mV
slowly close

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15
Q

The charge inside a neuron during an action potential typically gets as high as?

A

+ 30 millivolts

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16
Q

the neurons membrane potential is slowly returning to the resting level from hyperpolarized state, it can fire a second action potential if the next stimulus is larger than normal. This period is called?

A

What is reflective refractory period

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17
Q

The value of a neurons resting membrane potential is approximately

A

-70 millivolts

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18
Q

What is the stage of the gate called
for inactivation?

(In process of closing)

A

Intermediate stage

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19
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, there are two major branches including the Somatic and ______ branches?

A

Autonomic

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20
Q

What does a mechanical gated channels do?

A

It responds to physical forces, such as increased temperature or pressure that puts tension on the membrane and pops the channel gate open.

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21
Q

Gated channels have three states and have to go in this sequence?

A

1- Closed
2- Open
* intermediate stage (inactivated)
3- Closed

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22
Q

To achieve threshold enough _____ must enter the cell body and diffuses to the axon Hillock?

A

Sodium

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23
Q

The primary type of channel that opens at the dendrites in the cell body is?

A

Chemical gated

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24
Q

The region on a neuron where cell body and axon meet is where?

A

Axon Hillock

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25
What is secondary active transport?
It uses the kinetic energy of one molecule moving down it’s concentrate gradient to push other molecules against their concentrate gradient. The most common secondary active transport systems are driven by the sodium concentrate gradient.
26
What does aspartate do as a amino acid neurotransmitter?
Is excitatory for the brain
27
What type of channels open when threshold is reached?
Electrically gated channels
28
The period of time during which there cannot be another action potential generated no matter how strong the stimulus is call the ________ refractory period.
Absolute refractory period
29
What type of feedback loop is neuron Activation?
Positive feedback loop
30
Receptors for norepinephrine and Epinephrine Neurotransmitters?
Adrenergic receptor | GPCR
31
What is saltatory conduction?
Is conduction along a myelinated axon
32
This major branch of the peripheral nervous system includes two divisions sympathetic and parasympathetic
Autonomic
33
This step of the feedback loop is made of the spinal cord?
Integration center
34
Molecules that stimulate regrowth and provide nutrition to the cell body of damaged neurons are called ________ factors?
Neurotropic factors
35
The neurons that are used to send signals to The various structures in the periphery of the body to the central nervous system are named ________ Neurons?
Sensory
36
What do voltage gated channels do?
Are they opening close when the electrical state of the cell changes.
37
Ions move through open channels by this type of transport?
Simple diffusion
38
In the peripheral nervous system these cells form the myelin sheath
Schwann cells
39
What is derived from histamine?
Histidine
40
What 2 pump’s bring neurons cells back to resting state?
Na+/K+ pump ( helps with entire neuron) Calcium pumps ( only at axon terminal)
41
What happens if myelin is lost?
You will lose strength of the signal. It can prevent signal from reaching next voltage gated channel , which will not reach the axon terminal. (No neurotransmitter will equal no signal being sent to target cell)
42
What catecholamines are derived from tyrosine?
Dopamine norepinephrine Epinephrine
43
The first location on a neuron where an action potential is generated is where?
Axon hillock
44
What do ependymal cells do?
They create barriers between compartments.
45
Where does the job of a neuron take place?
Axon terminal Exocytosis
46
What happens when choline is taken back up into the cells?
It comes together with Aceytl COA turns it back into acetylcholine
47
What is endocytosis?
Endocytosis is an active process that requires energy from ATP It is the second process by which large molecules or particles move into the cell.
48
The target of this branch of the peripheral nervous system is skeletal muscle?
Somatic motor neurons
49
At the axon hillock and all long the axon, the channels are this type?
Voltage gated
50
What are microglia cells?
They are specialize glia cells and are part of the immune system that resides in the CNS. They remove damage cells and destroy foreign invaders.
51
What Cells are considered the support cells of the nervous system
Glial cells
52
What determines how many ions enter and leave the cell body?
The number of channels that open for that ion
53
What are satellite cells?
Are glial cells of the PNS Protective Support cell body They are auntonmicganglia
54
This type of channel opens when the threshold is reached?
Voltage gated
55
What is the name for the receptor for serotonin as a neurotransmitter?
Seratonergic receptor | GPCR
56
The value of a membrane potential that represents the threshold for activation is
-55 millivolt
57
What is the membrane transporter?
Is a transporter that moves substances from one side to the membrane to the other.
58
What do myelin sheath due to action potential’s?
Speeds up reaction times because it causes fewer action potential‘s. (Insulates= Little loss in electrical current)
59
The neurons that are used to send signals to the CNS To the periphery are called motor or ________ neurons?
Efferent neuron
60
What does a axon do?
Carrie outgoing information
61
What is a cell body?
A part of the cell that contains the nucleus in many organelles.
62
Insert graph
1- resting membrane potential (-70) 2-3- Sell depolarized reach threshold 3- Threshold=voltage gated channels opening 3-5- rapid depolarization due to Na+ influx 5- Na+ channels become inactivated ( not fully closed) K+ channel become fully open 5-7- cell returning to resting state ( repolarization ) Simple diffusion through channels and K+ efflux 7- hyperpolarization because K+ channels close slowly
63
What are oligodendrocytes cell and what do they do?
The oligodendrocytes cell support and form myelin sheaths. The cells can myelinate more than one neuron
64
What does glutamate do an amino acid neurotransmitter?
Excitatory to the central nervous system
65
What does the movement away from membrane potential depolarize vs hypolarize depend on?
Which ions enter or leave the cell
66
What is derived from serotonin?
Tryptophan
67
When a neuron receives an excitatory Signal from a presynaptic cell, sodium channels open and sodium enters the body. The largest change in charge will be observed where?
The area Closest to the channels
68
This type of transport is used to return potassium and sodium to the resting sell locations
Primary active transport
69
When sodium begins to enter a neuron this type of transporter works to return the sodium to the outside of the cell
Pump
70
What happens if threshold is achieved at the Axon Hillock?
Channels open | Action potential is conducted along the axon to axon terminal= exocytosis
71
Neurons received two types of signals at dendrites
Excitatory signals-depolarize cell makes it more positive inhibitory signals- hyperpolarized makes it more negative
72
When a strong stimulus is present and many channels open at the Axon Hillock, a/an ______ potential will be generated
Action potential
73
What are the acetylcholine receptors? Name the specific receptor name and the two sub-types?
Cholinergic receptor 2 sub- types Muscarinic receptor (GPCR) Nicotinic receptor (Receptor channel)
74
What is the name of acetylcholine’s in activating enzyme?
Acetylcholinerase It breaks down to acetate and Choline
75
The value of the membrane potential must be reached at the axon hillock in order to activate the neuron
-55 mV
76
Mini presynaptic neuron‘s to one postsynaptic neuron is this pathway?
Convergent pathway
77
This term means stimulated or controlled by a neuron
Innervated
78
Vesicles that contain the signal molecules (Neurocrines) are stored in this neuron structure
Axon terminal
79
What is propagation?
Is conduction along a non-myelinated axon
80
What determines how many channels open at the dendrites and cell body?
The number of receptors that are activated
81
The receptive area of a neuron includes the dendrites and cell body. The region is given this name because the membrane of these structures is covered with what?
Membrane receptor
82
One presynaptic neuron to mini postsynaptic neuron‘s is what type of pathway?
Divergent pathway
83
The specialize cells that release epinephrine are called?
Chromaffin cells

Physiology Lecture 8; 11; 12 (3 decks)

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